What is airspace?

Airspace (VP) is an atmospheric zone suitable for flights of aircraft, above which is cosmic, airless space. Each state has a sovereign EaP, usually located above its land parts, as well as water bodies - territorial and border. The airspace of a country does not extend to the space above it.

The structure of the EP includes:

the directions in which the flights of the ships go and the air traffic is being served;
airfield zones;
the space for practicing aircraft control techniques, test flight areas, etc .;
forbidden, dangerous zones and spaces where flights are prohibited.

Russian airspace

The Russian Federation regulates activities related to the use of the country's airspace using the State Air Code, which states that the aircraft flight area (the airspace itself) extends to a height of 8,100 meters from land or water.

Moreover, within the framework of the same document, it was determined that the space above the land is not the property of the owner of this land allotment.

For what purpose do we plow the air

In open airspace, as in any international territory of general use, it is necessary to regulate the movement of aircraft, missiles and other objects, as well as other activities related to the use of the airspace: the construction of structures at altitude, to regulate hazardous activities, namely the emission of radiation and substances affecting visibility, various explosive works.

State borders

To use the airspace - when necessary - you need to get permission in accordance with the established regulations, while the rule applies to both citizens and legal entities.

The legal regime of the airspace of a particular country legally establishes its rights and the procedure for using its airspace by foreign aircraft. The state establishes rules for the movement of ships by air, the behavior of their crews and passengers.

Types of flight rights over the territories of countries

There are two of them.

On a regular basis as part of the conclusion of bilateral intergovernmental contracts.
Non-scheduled right granted on a voluntary basis.

Airspace development

From the middle of the 5th century AD, it began to occur to a person to soar into the air: around this time, the Chinese Liu Bang created a kind of bird from a tree. Chinese monks with the help of kites tried to fly into the air, they really wanted to expand their knowledge of space.
Leonardo da Vinci in the 15th century built unusual flying structures for trying to fly into the air, but these devices were not aerodynamic, and flights did not work.
A Spaniard from the city of Cordoba named Armen Firman created at about the same time a parachute prototype.
In Europe and Asia, until 1783, people unsuccessfully attempted to tear themselves off the ground and fly into the air. Various devices were invented, but they did not meet the requirements of aerodynamics.
In 1783, the famous Montgolfier brothers launched their project to develop airspace. It was nothing but the first balloon to be filled with hot air. The first balloonists were the French Rosier and Arlandes, who overcame more than 7 kilometers on the Montgolfier ball.
In the nineteenth century, new attempts were made to make a parachute, which was a kind of membrane in a bat. But the beast is light in weight ...People understood that the use of airspace would greatly expand their capabilities and improve the quality of life.
The first aircraft appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1903, one of the Wright brothers flew a short distance on the apparatus, which he himself invented. By 1913, all over the world they were flying with might and main on airplanes equipped with engines. By 1936, a helicopter helicopter was first invented, but without the ability to control it: it simply could rise up and down.
The atmosphere of the thirties in Russia is the development of air with great enthusiasm, which took on the character of mass character in 1936. High importance is due to the technical and functional component - the development of airspace and aviation technology is an integral part of the defense of the state.
The first jet aircraft was invented in the United States in 1946, and the flight at supersonic speed first took place a year later, in the same country. Since 2000, supersonic aviation has been in the field of military activity due to a series of civilian air disasters.

Borders of EaP within the framework of international concepts

Under international law, the upper boundary between the EaP and airspace is not clearly defined either at the Paris Conference in 1919 or the Chicago Convention of 1949. The existing International Space Treaty states that space does not belong to anyone on Earth. Only space objects launched by the country can be considered sovereign in the airless spaces.

The concept of airspace lies within its suitability for flights of aircraft, not higher than 21 kilometers. There are specialized Lockheed U-2 and Blackber airplanes that rise for flight to a height of up to 26 km into the so-called gray zone between the airspace and space.

Flight of aircraft at an altitude of more than 60 kilometers from the Earth is impossible.

International EaP

In the 50s of the twentieth century, President Dwight Eisenhower developed a document that formed the basis of the 1992 Open Skies Treaty, the list included 24 OSCE member states, including Russia. Air law on a global scale regulates the areas and powers of countries to develop airspace by man and the use of airspace within the framework of bilateral and multilateral international treaties.

Within the framework of the profit center, it is customary to observe the principles of freedom and safety of flights, including over the open sea.

“Freedom of the air” in the framework of agreements between countries

It is allowed to carry out non-stop transit flights of a vessel of one country through the territory of another country.
Land the vessel for non-commercial purposes on the territory of the country (except for disembarkation or reception on board).
A vessel flying the flag of one of the countries can deliver passengers, cargo and mail to the territory of another country. At the same time, they must be taken from the territory of the ship's owner country.
And vice versa, a ship can pick up passengers and cargo from the territory of another country to the country to which the ship belongs.
The right to carry passengers, mail and cargo taken on board in a third country to the territory of the country and pick them up from this territory to the territory of the country with which the contract is concluded.
The right of a ship of one country to pick up passengers, cargo and mail from the territory of the partner country to the territory of a third state, pick them up from there and send them to the territory of the partner country.
The right of a ship of one country to carry through its territory passengers, cargo and mail between a partner country and a third country. This right applies in both directions.
The right of a ship in one country to transport people, mail and cargo from a partner country to a third country. This rule applies to both directions. Moreover, the path does not pass over the territory of the host country of the vessel.

Classification

The following airspace classes are adopted in the Russian Federation, operating over the territory of the country and beyond its borders in the area of its responsibility:

A.Allowed flights without speed limits, at certain levels. Flights are operated only by instruments. It is imperative that there is constant two-way radio communication with the dispatch department.
C. Airplanes and other types of ships can fly through the heavens, flying both on instruments and through visual orientation. Their speed is not limited. All aircraft are provided with continuous dispatch service. Airplanes traveling on instruments are sent to the echelon relative to all other aircraft. Aircraft flying without instruments receive information about other vessels flying not on instruments. But with respect to ships flying on instruments, aircraft with permission are placed in echelons.
G. Instrument flying and visual flight rules are allowed. Separation is not carried out, but upon request all flights can be provided with information services. At altitudes below 3000 m, flight speed should not exceed 450 kilometers per hour. If the vessel is navigating instruments, it is required to have constant two-way radio communication with the dispatcher. If the ship follows the rules of visual flights, it is not necessary for him to keep two-way radio communication with the dispatch department on the ground.