In the construction industry, new discoveries are constantly being made, be they technologies or materials. This direction is always interesting and discussed not only by specialists, but also by ordinary inhabitants. Another thing is the dismantling of buildings. This topic is far from always provoking lively interest, which, however, is obvious and explainable.
Dismantling of structures
Demolition is not as interesting as the construction of something new. “Breaking - not building”: this is the logic of the majority. It seems to many that dismantling, demolition of a building does not require a large amount of intellectual resources. However, this opinion is erroneous. The dismantling of brick walls, reinforced concrete blocks, internal elements is a technically complex and very important process. Perhaps it is even more significant than construction. After all, there are certain norms and rules according to which it should be implemented.
Dismantling procedure
Some believe that demolishing an old or dilapidated building is not a complicated process. However, this opinion is unprofessional and superficial. In reality, this process is much more complicated. It should be borne in mind that the demolition of buildings is carried out quite often in the immediate vicinity of residential buildings in urban areas. Therefore, workers who dismantle structures must be highly qualified and carry out all procedures with maximum accuracy. However, these requirements remain relevant when demolishing structures outside the urban environment. This is most often associated with the need to carry out careful dismantling and save certain structures after it, since it is planned to use them again in the future.
In the case when before the construction of a new building you need to disassemble the old structure, regulatory documents involve the inclusion of this type of work in the design documentation. A detailed description of the building under analysis is mandatory. Next, the calculation of the amount of work. Compensatory payments to the previous owners of the building to be demolished are also attached to it. Financial calculations can be carried out using the dismantling calculator. All of these figures should be entered in the consolidated design statement. It is important to note that the dismantling estimate can exceed customer expectations, and you need to be prepared for this.
When the building to be liquidated is located on the territory of the industrial facility, that is, in the ownership of the owner, then consent to the demolition is not required, and the contractor will need less time and labor to prepare the necessary documentation. However, in this case, the practical implementation of the project may cause certain problems. For this reason, a prerequisite for the work of the contractor is to draw up a technological map for the implementation of all necessary work. As a rule, this document spells out all the activities that are planned to be carried out in order to ensure the safety of personnel and neighboring facilities.
Dismantling may be necessary wherever it is necessary to observe the conditions for the construction of a new building. The specific reasons for the need for demolition of a building can be very different. Sometimes it is necessary to move a building to a new place, thereby clearing the territory it occupied. However, regardless of the reasons, the requirements for the dismantling process will remain strict and unchanged.
Demolition Prep
The liquidation of the building is carried out according to a certain plan in several stages. First, the contractor signs a contract with an individual or organization, depending on who needs his services. Then he must draw up a routing. It indicates information on dismantling methods that will be applied in a particular case, and the sequence of actions. In the same document, the contractor identifies all hazardous areas, describes the conditions that must be observed to ensure the safety of workers.
Specialized equipment is also very important in the process of dismantling. The speed and quality of the work will directly depend on it. Therefore, the technique must be modern. Disassembly personnel must be well trained and highly qualified. Each employee must have certain experience in this field in order to inspire confidence in the customer. It should be noted that most specialized firms recruit just such employees.
The practice of such companies, as a rule, is many years. Therefore, they already have a certain reputation, and they can undertake dismantling of any degree of complexity, giving a guarantee of safety and a good result. Moreover, the deadlines are often quite short, which completely suits the customer. The highly qualified approach of such companies inspires confidence. At the same time, the client is given the opportunity to get acquainted with the work plan and all the necessary documentation for this.
Demolition stages
The process of dismantling a structure consists, as a rule, of the following stages:
1. Design of the dismantling project. It is important to draw up a phased project implementation plan. Mandatory item - signing a standard contract for dismantling.
2. Drawing up a list of all equipment and tools necessary for dismantling that may be needed in a particular project.
3. The construction of a temporary fence around the construction site on which the demolition will be carried out. This is necessary to protect workers, passers-by, nearby buildings and vehicles.
4. The next step is to disable all communications. Most often they are disassembled and transferred to a safe place for future use.
5. Next, the upper tier of the structure is disassembled. These are roofing, ceilings and roofing structures. This is a rather dangerous type of work, and most often it is carried out by means of small robotic manipulators that are controlled from a distance.
6. The work itself may include the dismantling of partitions and walls, as well as ceilings and other elements of the building. These works are carried out only in a situation when the project is carried out in stages and sequentially. At the same time, the dismantling of brick walls is one of the last.
7. If there is no need for parsing accuracy, there is another possibility of order fulfillment. In this case, the dismantling consists in breaking the structure. For this, powerful and large specialized equipment is used.
8. The last stage of dismantling is the analysis of construction waste. Then it is taken out of the site.
Types of dismantling
Destruction of old buildings can be done by different methods. The prices for dismantling work depend on which one the customer stops at. In each case, they are individual. The choice of method also occurs under the influence of other factors. This may be the complexity of the construction of the demolished building, its age and dimensions, as well as the type of foundation and building materials on the basis of which this structure was built. Thus, dismantling can be divided into the following types:
- Manual.
- Semi-mechanical.
- Mechanical.
- Electro-hydraulic.
- Explosive.
- Thermal.
- Mixed.
Dismantling methods: specific features
Consider all these types in more detail. The manual method belongs to the category of the most complex.The dismantling rates in this way are usually the highest. It involves the analysis of the entire structure manually, without the use of technology. The only tools in this case are scrap, a sledgehammer, pickaxe, etc. Sometimes, in specific cases, the use of a gas cutting unit is allowed. Usually, a manual method for disassembling a building is required in cases where other options are not feasible or the amount of work is not so large as to use special large-sized equipment. Most often these are small private buildings. In this case, specialists conclude an agreement with an individual - the owner of the building.
The semi-mechanical way of dismantling buildings is considered the most effective and therefore common. This method involves the use of electric and pneumatic types of tools. This can be concrete breakers and ordinary crowbars, saws, jacks, winches for various purposes, jack hammers, etc. However, there are quite a few disadvantages of this method. In particular, labor costs are high, noise is high and dust is high. The financial costs of this type of dismantling are also tangible.
The mechanical method is a rather crude way. It uses specialized equipment. Wedge-shaped or spherical hammers become destructive details. They are fixed on a crane or excavator. This method is very well suited for the destruction of neighboring buildings. For the demolition of structures standing apart from each other, it is more advisable to use tractors.
If a bulldozer is involved, then the top of the building is tied to it with a steel cable. Then the technique begins to move in the opposite direction from the building until it collapses. The bulldozer is also suitable for collecting and loading construction waste after dismantling.
Quite often, demolators are used in the process of demolition. These are powerful hydraulic excavators moving on caterpillars. Demolators are equipped with a long boom, at the end of which hammers, buckets and hydraulic shears cling. The mechanical method is the most rational. It is well suited for the demolition of dilapidated structures.
In city conditions, it is more optimal to break down buildings using a combination of different methods. The dismantling of the partitions in this case is carried out manually, the walls are demolished mechanically. The foundation is usually liquidated by a directed explosion. All these aspects should be taken into account when drawing up a model contract for dismantling.
The explosive method involves certain limitations. For example, the contractor must have a special license to carry out this type of work. The main requirement for this method is the sufficient remoteness of the building from other buildings. As a rule, stadiums, factories, etc. are liquidated in a similar way. Demolition work requires a high degree of personnel qualification, since it is very dangerous.
As mentioned above, urban conditions are the most difficult for dismantling. A large number of neighboring nearby buildings practically do not give the opportunity to dismantle the structure without damage to other buildings and without violating their safety. Therefore, in such situations, a phased type of demolition is used. Its other name is delicate, which describes the essence of the method as well as possible. In this case, the use of bulky equipment and gross manipulations is prohibited. Such a procedure will take a lot of time. However, this is the most gentle and safe way to dismantle buildings.
Safety regulations
The dismantling of buildings always involves a large shock and noise load, so before proceeding to this type of work, you must get all the necessary permissions, which are issued in writing.Issuance of permits to the contractor will be possible after the latter has provided the necessary package of documents, including certificates, licenses and approvals for work of this level. Special equipment should be managed by those employees who have been trained and have received the necessary qualifications. It would be useful to highlight this in the model contract for dismantling, which is signed by both parties on the eve of the launch of the project.
If only partial demolition of the building is required, that is, analysis of the internal structures, each project has its own design, which takes into account all the methods and stages of the work. It also indicates the size of the danger zone and determines the measures that must be taken to relieve the load from the elements, redistributing it to other parts of the structure. This is necessary to maintain the stability of the building.
Debris: what to do with it?
The completion of dismantling is not the end of the entire project. There is such an important issue as the removal and recycling of construction waste. This issue is also specified in the design documentation. The standard model of the contract for dismantling should contain a separate column on this subject. It gives an approximate amount of waste that will need to be taken out after dismantling the building for further processing.
As a rule, garbage disposal after dismantling does not require preliminary sorting. Basically, after the liquidation of the building, waste remains such as bricks and concrete. Sometimes dismantling a building also requires removing the topsoil, which should also be taken into account when calculating the total cost of the project.
Contract for dismantling
Without this document, a project is impossible. A prerequisite for the start of dismantling is the conclusion of a formal contract between the customer and the contractor. This is a naturally paid contract. He concludes, as a rule, to perform a certain type of work at a specific address.
Under the contract, the contractor undertakes to provide a dismantling plan with a description of all stages and methods, as well as an estimate, according to which further calculation will be carried out. The contract provides for specific deadlines and provides for penalties or complete termination in case of violation of the prescribed conditions.
Mandatory clauses in the contract must indicate force majeure. They imply force majeure circumstances that make dismantling impossible.
Work done: what next?
After the demolition is completed, the customer accepts it. This happens according to a specially prepared act of dismantling. Next, payment is made in accordance with the contract. Contractual relations are regulated from a legal point of view by a civil code. Payment is taxed, like any income, that is, 13% must be paid to the state.
As a rule, the contract guarantees the quality performance of work on time. However, in reality, sometimes everything turns out completely wrong. Any disputes and conflict situations should be resolved in the course of litigation.
In general, a sample dismantling contract is standard. It is a model contract agreement. It can be concluded both between legal entities and between individuals. As for the latter option, in this case it is better not to take risks and turn to a specialized company for dismantling services. This is due to the fact that a single specialist may not have the necessary amount of knowledge to carry out high-quality and safe work.
Demolition of a building is a labor-intensive and specific project requiring large-scale costs and highly qualified employees. In this case, we are talking about security, so trusting the performance of such work to an unverified person is not worth it.
