Incomes are required for each enterprise to pay off current debt and ensure the subsequent smooth functioning of the company. There are several types of income. Classification, as well as accounting for each of them, has one more goal - determination of the tax base and payment of taxes. Revenues from sales are the main source of cash for most companies.
Definition
Information about what income is and what it is, is presented in detail in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. In particular, revenue from sales is considered to be revenue for goods and property sold. Article 249 of the Tax Code states that sales revenue is the revenue from goods sold (directly produced by the company) and services sold, which are the main activities of the company. And also it can be receipts for resale goods. In addition, this article includes income derived from the provision and sale of property rights.
Sale of goods
Under the goods means products, services or work. They are considered realized when a certain fee has been received for the right to use and dispose of them. Usually in monetary terms. But sometimes the reward may be another product or service. Depending on the agreement of the parties. If the income from the sale of goods in any form is not received, that is, provided free of charge, they are not considered realized and do not fall into the tax base.
The amount of revenue is determined on the basis of accounting for all income received from the sale of goods and services in the form of cash, non-cash and in kind. In the case where the payment is in the form of goods or property, it must be set off in monetary terms. Usually it is the equivalent of the amount for which the company planned to sell its products.
To determine the basis from which income tax will be calculated from the revenue indicator, it is necessary to subtract the amount of VAT, excise taxes and export customs duties.
Work and Services
Any work and services provided to third parties and organizations on a paid basis are also goods. Despite the fact that often they do not have material expression (services), they help to satisfy some kind of arisen need. This is the main purpose of the product, regardless of its shape. That is why services and work fall under the category of goods. Revenues from the sale of services and works are accounted for in the same way as from the sale of products.
Property rental
This item of income, in accordance with the law, usually refers to non-operating income of the company. If they are accounted by the taxpayer as income from sales, this means that the rental of premises (sublease) is the main or one of the main sources of receipt of funds and is carried out on an ongoing basis. For a one-time lease, financial receipts are classified as non-operating. At the same time, the legislation does not define the frequency of leasing for attributing income to one or the second group. Therefore, each organization can decide for itself what rules to follow to account for income received under lease agreements.
Finance lease
In matters concerning the rules for accounting for proceeds under leasing agreements, there are no discrepancies. This is the same sales revenue.This is written in the Letter of the Ministry of Taxes and Duties of the Russian Federation No. 02-3-08 / 13 of April 22, 2004. But if the contract contains the final redemption value of the leased asset, which will ultimately be transferred to the lessee, it will be recorded separately. Since this applies to transactions related to the sale. Therefore, when specifying the total amount, it will be necessary to divide it correctly and correctly post the items of income.
Municipal property
Income from the sale of property that is municipal and received for economic management is not subject to taxation. This is due to the fact that money has already arrived in the municipal budget.
In situations where the property belongs to the enterprise on the basis of economic ownership, the possibilities for disposing of it are very limited and are prescribed in the Civil Law. In particular, there is a prohibition on the sale and leasing, its use as collateral, its introduction as part of the authorized capital. These actions require the permission of the owner.
In the case of the sale of such property, the taxpayer may reduce income by the cost of goods sold and property rights. When selling property that is subject to depreciation costs, the accounting for the proceeds from the sale should be kept taking into account its possible adjustment (reduction) to the residual value of such property.
General approach to tax accounting of sales income in foreign currency
Income from the sale of products received in another currency for tax purposes should be accounted for in rubles. For this, it is necessary to use the official rate of the Bank of Russia. In this case, income can be recognized on the day of actual payment (cash method) or the day of shipment (sale), when the transfer of ownership takes place. In accordance with the law, both options are legitimate. The choice depends on the accounting policies that are installed in the enterprise.
Moreover, if the payment is divided into parts and the taxpayer receives a partial advance payment (advance payment), then it shall be recalculated at the official rate established on the date of receipt of the relevant payment.
When working with foreign counterparties, one more difficulty arises. When you pay for services or goods in another currency and converted to rubles, an exchange difference arises that is included in non-operating income.
If the prices for the goods are fixed in arbitrary units, then the revenue received in foreign currency should be converted into rubles on the day of sale. Exchange differences are included in the income from non-operating activities, if positive. With a negative amount, it is part of non-operating expenses.
Non-operating income
When calculating the amount of income tax, in addition to income derived from the sale of goods, services, property and property rights, non-operating income is also taken into account. These include the following articles:
- rent payments, if they are not related to sales income;
- shared participation in other organizations;
- upon receipt of goods at no cost;
- interest received on credit agreements, late payments;
- a positive result when translating the exchange rate difference;
- purchase and sale of currency;
- written off payables;
- any other income, the receipt of which is in no way directly related to the production and sale of specialized goods;
- previous income received in the current reporting period.
Thus, accounting for income from sales is necessary for calculating and paying income tax, as well as conducting an analysis of the current state of the enterprise. Depending on the scope of the company, their composition may vary. In addition, taxes that must be paid to the budget depend on the taxation scheme chosen. All issues related to taxes are set forth in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.