Fakes usually have fake logos and brands, which leads to a violation of patents or copyright. Counterfeit goods are substandard and may contain toxic elements such as lead or mercury. This led to the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people due to car and aviation accidents, poisoning or termination of the intake of chemicals necessary for the body (for example, if a person takes fake drugs).
Counterfeiting money is condemned and punished all over the world. The method of falsification of Karl Popper is widely known, according to which a theory cannot be scientific if it cannot be falsified.
Falsification of money
Counterfeiting is the falsification of a currency without the legal permission of a state or government. Making or using fake money is a form of fraud and forgery.
The counterfeiters' craft is almost as old as the money itself. Clad copies (known as Fourrées) were found from Lydian coins, which are considered one of the first Western coins. Before the introduction of paper money, the most common counterfeiting method was to mix cheap metals with pure gold or silver.
Provocation of inflation
A special form of falsification is the production of documents by legal printers in order to provoke inflation. During World War II, the Nazis forged British pounds and American dollars. Today, some of the best fake banknotes are called super-dollars because of their high quality and similarity with the real US dollar.
The turnover of counterfeit Euro banknotes and coins since the currency was launched in 2002 has steadily increased, but so far it is still inferior to that of counterfeit US dollars. A statement about falsification in the USA and the EU is a very serious act, which requires a person to be confident in his innocence and responsibility.
Counterfeiting Currency
Traditionally, numerous measures are taken to combat counterfeiting, including the creation of small parts with increased printing on paper, which allows even non-specialists to easily identify fakes. On coins, milling or grooved (marked with parallel grooves) edges are used to show that none of the valuable metals has been replaced by a cheap counterpart.
The impact of monetary fraud on society
As a result of the falsification of money, companies do not receive compensation for counterfeiting, which forces them to raise commodity prices. There is a decrease in the value of real money. Price increases (inflation) often occur precisely because of an increase in the amount of money circulation in the economy — an unauthorized artificial increase in the money supply.
Falsification of money is, as a result, also a decrease in the acceptability (satisfactory) of money. Recipients may require electronic transfers of real money or payment in another currency (or even payment in a precious metal such as gold). At the same time, in countries where paper money makes up a small part of the total money in circulation, the macroeconomic effects of currency counterfeiting may be negligible. However, microeconomic effects, such as confidence in the currency, can be large.
Fake and forgery
Counterfeiting is the process of creating, adapting or imitating objects, statistics or documents with the intention of deceiving for the sake of changing public perception or making a profit by selling a fake item.Copies, studio replicas and reproductions are not considered fakes, although later they can become them through cognition and intentional distortion. The creation of counterfeit money or currency is often called counterfeiting, and the identification and falsification of a currency is described in more detail a little higher.
But consumer products can also be fakes if they are not produced by the designated manufacturer indicated on the label, or are not marked with a trademark icon.
Falsification is also a falsification of ranks, names and personal documents. This also includes deceiving another person, including through the use of fake objects. Forgery is one of the methods of fraud, including identity theft. Counterfeiting, forgery, and falsification are some of the safety hazards.
In the XVI century, imitators of the style of Albrecht Durer enlarged the market for fake painting, signing their own crafts with the initials of the famous graphic artist. In the 20th century, the art market made fakes very profitable. Fakes of particularly valuable artists are widespread, such as drawings originally painted by Pablo Picasso, Paul Clay and Henri Matisse.
A special case of double counterfeiting is the forgery of paintings by Vermeer Khan van Megeeren and, in turn, the fake work of Van Megeuren by his son Jacques van Megeeren.
Falsification in office work
False evidence, fabricated evidence, fake evidence or corrupted evidence is information that was created or obtained unlawfully to reach a verdict in a court case. It is called falsification of a case.
Falsified evidence can be fabricated by either party to the case (including the police and other legal forces) or by someone who sympathizes with both parties.
Falsification of history
Pseudo-history is a form of falsification, the purpose of which is to distort historical data. In this case, methods are often used that are similar to those used in official historical studies. Pseudo-history often represents a big lie or sensational statements about historical facts requiring a review (rewriting) of official chronology. A related term is cryptohistory. Applies to pseudo-history based on judgments inherent in occultism or derived from them. Pseudo-history is associated with pseudoscience and pseudo-archeology, and very often they appeal by the same terminology.
The term “pseudo-history” (or “falsification of history”) was coined at the beginning of the 19th century, which makes the word older than related terms such as “pseudo-scientists” and “pseudoscience”. In 1815, it was used to designate the works of Homer and Hesiod, which for a long time were considered historical narratives, although they described completely fictional events. A somewhat offensive tone of the term, alluding to the erroneous or insincere work of historiography, can be found in many certifications of the early 19th century.
Pseudo-history is akin to pseudoscience, since both forms of falsification are achieved using a methodology that claims to be scientific, but does not meet scientific standards, in particular, Popper’s falsification criterion mentioned at the beginning of the article.
Falsification of history is usually done to deepen national history or achieve certain political goals. Nowadays, Ukraine, the Baltic states and Turkmenistan have greatly succeeded in this field. The identification and falsification of historical events is often aimed at breaking the existing cultural and historical relationship between countries, as is the case with Ukraine and Russia.