Each country is rich not only in its army or gold reserves, but also in people. For the state to flourish and move forward, the ratio of the able-bodied and disabled people should prevail in the first place. But it is not enough to have young and active people, they need to be provided with jobs with decent conditions. To solve these problems, Russia has developed a state employment policy. This direction is collecting information on the activities of citizens, looking for ways to solve the problems of employment.
The concept
After the collapse of the USSR, millions of people were left out of life. Large enterprises and even branches fell apart, and where something worked, they paid mere pennies. The whole country will not soon forget the payment of salaries with soft toys and plungers, as well as thousands of pickets of the unemployed in the squares. Even then, in the 90s, the government was thinking about creating a state employment policy. What it is?
This is a set of measures to promote and control the level of unemployed people, finding out the reasons for this situation. In addition, a number of organizations were created that pursued a policy of stimulating a growth of interest in finding a job.
The main directions of employment policy are:
- The increase in the number of jobs.
- Improving working conditions: raising salaries, an expanded social package, corporate privileges, etc.
- Development of programs aimed at training and retraining of the workforce.
- Measures to work with employers, stimulate their strengths and capabilities, facilitate the hiring of employees.
- Financial support for the unemployed, namely the payment of social benefits.
According to experts, the state employment policy over the past 15 years has fully paid off. According to the latest data, the indicator of the employed population is approaching the indicator of 62% of the total number of inhabitants. This number also includes working pensioners, whose share is about 7%. And in terms of unemployment, Russia even wins compared to America and Europe.
The problem of employment in Russia
But the problem remains and even takes on new forms. So, today a lot of active and well-educated people prefer not to work officially, on the Internet or I am content with temporary part-time jobs. One of the directions of the state policy of promoting employment today is the conduct of propaganda among young people about the importance and correctness of the official position. Employment under the law gives the most important thing - a social package, which means deductions to a pension fund, free medicine, paid holidays, etc.
A major problem in Russia in recent years has been the massive reduction of government departments, primarily paramilitary. Mass layoffs affected the army, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Federal Penitentiary Service, customs, the tax service, etc. Thousands of employees were left without means of subsistence.
To support people in a difficult period of job search, the state allocates funds for unemployment benefits. According to federal law, this amount in the first three months should be 75% of the salary, but in reality the state does not have such funds, so today a fixed payment of 4,990 rubles is established.
World experience
All civilized countries pursue policies aimed at developing the social sphere in general, and each of its members in particular.It provides a set of measures at different levels: national, regional and municipal. There are several popular models of employment regulation policies:
- American - provides for the creation of jobs with low pay, in fact people work, but for low pay and, thus, the number of poor people is increasing.
- Scandinavian - here the emphasis is on creating jobs in the public sphere with average income indicators; the model is justified if there are no crises in the country, otherwise there is a high probability of mass layoffs and layoffs.
- European model - designed to create highly paid jobs, and therefore attract highly qualified specialists; true in this case, for other segments of the population provides large social benefits; but in Europe the system is working successfully.
Each of the models has its advantages and disadvantages, it is impossible to use one of them in its pure form in Russia. It is necessary to take into account the mentality of our citizens, as well as the special economic situation. Although, if you pay attention to the latest developments in the country, you can see a tendency for many companies to want to see in their ranks really able and able to work and pay them the corresponding wages.
Social policy of employment in Russia
The choice of one direction or another directly affects the external and internal economies. Increased productivity contributes to a large flow of exports, but there is a problem of the cost of retraining personnel, training and practice of good specialists.
So today, the goals of employment policy can be formulated as follows:
- The development of human resources, and here also the increase in the birth rate, and the improvement of the conditions for obtaining education in schools and institutes, etc.
- Ensuring the observance of equal rights of people when applying for a job, namely, the exclusion of “blat” and “familiarity”.
- Creation of socially favorable conditions for work and leisure of citizens.
- Implementation of measures to provide citizens in need of employment with employment places; jointly with large and small enterprises creating new jobs.
- Carrying out measures to prevent mass unemployment in the country.
- Work with employers, encouraging the creation of new jobs, assistance from the federal budget.
- Creation and coordination of trade unions that defend the rights of every citizen.
As for the last statement, in Russia trade unions are still at an embryonic level. Most citizens do not even know what is the essence of their work and just be afraid to join. Whereas in the West, such organizations are powerful tools in terms of respecting the rights of workers.
Forms of state employment policy
The main goals of the government are to ensure full employment for the population, taking into account “natural” unemployment, that is, housewives, people with disabilities, etc. In addition, strive to create a flexible labor market, namely multifunctional use of workers. That is, people can quickly adapt to a changing economic environment: change qualifications, switch to an optimized schedule, etc.
Today, there are two forms of state policy:
- Active - job creation, training and retraining of people.
- Passive - unemployment benefits.
The first form provides a multi-level policy in the social and economic sphere. Market stimulation, development of exchanges, employment services, improvement of human social guarantees. As well as assistance in retraining, moving to another place, etc. The passive form includes the payment of a small social allowance to support people during the search for work. These payments are temporary and must be confirmed.
In order to stimulate the unemployed to formal employment, the government collaborates with the media. Regular festivals of professions are held for young people, which talk about the merits of certain professions.
Legal basis
Measures to regulate employment in the country are direct and indirect. On the one hand, the government is faced with the task of increasing GDP at a fast pace, and on the other, the gradual buildup of skilled workers. To find a compromise, the state has developed a number of employment promotion programs. This document was approved in 2014 and changes have been made all this time. The main directions of the program:
- Preventing tensions in the labor market.
- Improvement of legal regulation in the field of employment.
- Increasing the effectiveness of job placement assistance.
- Providing social support.
- Monitoring and accounting for unemployed citizens.
- Assistance to disabled people in employment.
- Stimulating regional authorities to implement various economic projects and increase jobs.
It is worth noting that, of the foregoing, only the employment assistance program for the disabled works successfully. The government has provided a number of good tax breaks for companies that provide quotas for people with disabilities.
Ministry structure
The federal ministry covers a wide range of problems, primarily related to the social policy of the state. The Ministry of Labor is responsible for regulating the demographic situation, providing pensions, paying social benefits, ensuring labor protection, and also providing employment services.
The Ministry includes thousands of regional representations throughout Russia, departments, educational institutions and research centers. The unemployment department deals with the Department of Employment. In each region, it is represented by the bodies of the state employment service, namely the employment center. These institutions carry out state guarantees on the ground, namely, they work with people and help in finding work.
Activities
Such bodies exist in every region and region. The purpose of their creation is the universal control of the unemployment rate, the ability to quickly make decisions relating to a particular territory. The employment center performs the following tasks:
- Providing assistance to the population on employment in accordance with the law.
- Observance of human rights and norms when looking for work.
- Creation of conditions under which it would be possible to easily and effectively control the working and non-working people.
- Work with local enterprises and companies to create new jobs and improve conditions in existing ones.
- Regulation of migrations both within the region and beyond.
In addition to the main functions of assistance in finding employment, such centers have the responsibility for registering citizens who need work, for paying benefits, organizing professional retraining, psychological and legal assistance.
Social work centers are actively working with such sectors of the population as former prisoners. After leaving prison, they are no longer needed by anyone; it is difficult for them to get documents and get a good job. In this regard, employment centers together with local authorities create special places for employment of citizens with a cleared criminal record.
The order and amount of assistance from the state
If you want to get unemployed status, and therefore help from the state, you need to work at least 3 months in the last place. When contacting the employment center, specialists will require you to have a work book, passport, income information for 3 months, as well as an application for special status.
Within 2 weeks, the documents will be checked, if no violations have been identified, the person is recognized as unemployed and has the right to receive social and legal assistance from the state.
The allowance for Russia today amounts to 4,990 rubles in the first six months, followed by 899 rubles. Moreover, to receive money, a person must also provide a savings book or card for crediting funds. 2 times a month, a citizen must report to his specialist. For rural areas, mobile work centers are provided. If a person missed the appointed time, payments are frozen for 3 months. In case of illness, a citizen has the right to provide a sick leave.
But the unemployment benefit is temporary, all this time employees must work with the person. He will be offered options for retraining, most often in the necessary working professions. In addition, a person should attend interviews, show that he is in an active search. For the unemployed, courses and trainings, job fairs are regularly held, where large and small enterprises recruit employees.
Development dynamics
The fight against unemployment is one of the main directions of economic policy. After all, the level of salaries directly depends on the number of employed people. The fact is that both employees and employers pay contributions to the labor insurance fund. From the same fund there is funding for state policy in the field of employment, and this is the maintenance of bodies and departments, the payment of benefits, etc.
According to statistics, the unemployment rate in relation to 90-00 years has fallen significantly. But this is official data, that is, those who came to the Employment Center and received the corresponding status are taken into account. How many actually tax-paying people are hard to determine. The Tax Service of Russia is already dealing with this issue.
In Soviet times, parasitism provided for an article up to 2 years in prison. Today, such tough measures are no longer applied, but recently the government was considering a law on stimulating the unemployed to official employment. The essence of the law is to deprive all those who do not pay taxes of free medical care. That is, to make this service paid for them. The law is still under consideration.
In addition, for those who today work without an employment contract, the government proposes to issue a simple version of IP and pay taxes on their own. For these purposes, we improved the application system, now it can be done in any department of the MFC, as well as on the State Service portal.
Future plans
In the developed countries of Europe, an unusual social experiment has recently started. The government is promoting a new program to combat unemployment and reduce the number of people with low incomes. So, among the citizens who are on state support, several thousand were allocated and included in the program. Within 3 years, these citizens will receive from the state a fixed amount, quite impressive for Europe, - 800 euros. Thus, social analysts seek to solve the main problems of poor citizens - the costs of the most necessary needs.
That is, a person will be sure that he will be able to pay for an apartment, food and loans and will be free to engage in improvement and job search. Today, the experiment is considered successful. People did not rush to spend free money, but really dumped the burden of fear for tomorrow. We found a good job and comfortably arranged my life.
In Russia, such a program is hardly feasible. The moral principles of the average citizen of our country are too weak. We will regard such a gift from the state as something due and generally cease to do something. In Russia, other approaches are needed. And, first of all, this is the creation of new jobs.So far, the country has been captured by waves of reductions, which is already pretty tired of everyone. Many industries are standing, and citizens are forced to leave to work in the capital or the North.
Meanwhile, in each region there are resources for creating large and small enterprises. The problem is the lack of stakeholders and a large share of corruption. It is hoped that someday Russian society will mature and become more responsive to the problems of their country.