Surplus inventory - what is it and how to capitalize it? How to capitalize excess inventory

Inventory is a mandatory process at each enterprise, allowing to identify shortages or surpluses in fixed assets, material assets or cash. This procedure is considered quite simple, but is performed according to certain rules prescribed in the internal documentation of the company. The results are summarized by the accountant, and often surplus during the inventory or shortage is revealed. This leads to the appearance of certain difficulties for the accountant, since the lack of funds or assets is covered by the funds of persons who are financially responsible. Surplus must be capitalized in the correct way. It depends on the rules of accounting, on the policy of the company and other features.

Purpose and nuances of inventory

The inventory is presented by reconciling the available values ​​with the data contained in the primary documentation of the company. The main goal of this process is to identify discrepancies between actual values ​​and information from documents, and if they are really discovered, then different measures are taken to eliminate this difference.

The preparation and implementation of the inventory is carried out only according to a special plan drawn up in advance. It is approved by order of the head of the company.

If surplus is revealed as a result of the inventory, this should be indicated in the accounting papers, as well as in the documents of the warehouse, where fixed assets or materials are not capitalized.

What are the reasons for the surplus?

After the inventory, surpluses are often found, represented by the excess of real property before the information available in the accounting papers. They can be different materials, fixed assets and even money at the box office. Surplus from the results of the inventory may appear for various reasons:

• the company is forced to work with a huge amount of goods or materials that regularly arrive at the warehouse and are sold to counterparties, which increases the likelihood of making mistakes;
• the company is forced to save money due to a deplorable financial condition;
• during the inventory, specialists made a mistake, therefore, it is required to carry out the procedure again;
• employees of the organization did not take into account certain consignments of goods received;
• mistakes were made during the dispensing of goods.

It is not uncommon for situations when, based on the results of one inventory, surpluses equal to the deficiency in the verification carried out relative to other items are revealed. This suggests that some products were accidentally replaced by others.

Inventory stages

Surplus inventory - this is a fairly common situation, but it arises only if this procedure is carried out correctly. To do this, the basic rules prescribed in the Regulation on Accounting, issued by the Ministry of Finance under the number No. 34n, are taken into account.

The procedure is carried out in several stages, and all of them must be performed in the correct sequence.

All stages are carried out with constant monitoring by the management of the company and the chief accountant.

Why is an inventory taken?

The implementation of this process is due to various reasons:

• the materially responsible specialist of the company is replaced;
• the fact of theft of property is discovered;
• spoilage of certain values ​​is revealed;
• property suffered from various natural disasters;
• organizational reasons, which include a change in the management team, reorganization of the company, sale of the enterprise, etc .;
• a process is necessarily carried out immediately before the formation of the compulsory financial statements prepared on the basis of data obtained for the year of work;
• the property is planned to be sold or leased.

The most common reason is an inventory based on a special schedule that indicates when the process should be carried out in order to constantly monitor the property of the company.

What results can be revealed?

After the implementation of this process, employees of the company may encounter different results:

• inventory surplus;
• shortage of property;
• damage to values;
• regrading.

If the company employs truly experienced professionals, then no discrepancies are detected, so the actual property corresponds to the data available in the documentation of the company.

Who is involved in the procedure?

Inventory is carried out only by a special commission, which includes specialists of the company, working in different specialties. This allows you to get the most relevant information.

The commission should include at least three people. Based on the data obtained, collation statements or acts are created, as well as an inventory of the property.

What to do in case of discrepancies?

Most often, after this process, loss of valuable property is detected. It is compensated by collecting funds from responsible persons.

The situation when surplus is revealed during the inventory is rare. Excessive amounts of money at the box office or materials, as well as fixed assets or other values ​​of the company, may be detected. They must be capitalized.

Actions after identifying a surplus

Initially, upon detection of excess goods, money or even fixed assets, commission members study the generated reports. They determine the reasons for this situation.

The commission decides by which method the results of the process will be reflected in the accounting of the company. It reveals why surpluses appeared, for which it is necessary to turn to financially responsible persons. Workers must be explanatory, which allows to identify the reasons for the occurrence of an excess of property. All actions by the commission participants are drawn up by drawing up a protocol.It spells out the results of the inventory, methods for identifying the reasons for the inconsistency of information from documents with the actual amount of values, and also indicates the conclusions of specialists regarding this issue.

All results are reported to the director of the company. Extra materials or funds are accepted only when forming an order on behalf of the head of the company. It is compiled on the basis of an inventory act. Next, the document is transferred to the accountant of the company, which allows him to make the necessary entries. The surpluses in the month when the check was completed are displayed. When conducting an annual inventory, the results should be reflected in the annual statements.

How to capitalize surplus?

Recognition of discrepancies should be carried out at their market value. It is confirmed by various methods:

• a company certificate, moreover, it is formed after analyzing the prices for similar values, which uses invoices received from suppliers, advertisements for the sale of various property or certificates that can be ordered from statistics agencies;
• report compiled by a guest independent expert.

How to capitalize surplus during inventory? For this, the accountant must use postings D10 (41.01.50) K91.1.

Posting surplus materials or goods

The most common inventory is taken with respect to goods that are manufactured or resold by the company, as well as materials used to create different products.

Surplus material inventory is included in non-operating income. To determine their value, the prices of transactions made with identified excess items are taken into account.

How to capitalize surplus during inventory? For this, it is important to correctly determine the market price, and if it is not possible to find the necessary information on invoices, then the study of offers on the market is considered optimal. Also, with significant surpluses, you can use the help of an independent appraiser. Only a specialist can take into account fluctuations in supply and demand, inflation, consumer properties of materials, their shelf life and cost.

Capitalization of surplus during inventory is carried out after the end of this process, therefore, an act drawn up by the inventory commission should already be in hand. It is allowed to carry out this process on the day when the annual statements are prepared and signed, but no later than December 31 of the year when excess materials are revealed. At the same time, you can use both the cash accounting method and the accrual method.

What to do with surplus materials?

Surplus inventory can be written off to production or sold. It will not turn out to include the entire cost of the identified materials in the costs of the company. This is due to the fact that the Tax Code states that only 24% of the market value of goods or materials is included in the composition of material costs.

There are no specific requirements for the sale of identified surpluses. But in order to prevent disagreements with employees of the Federal Tax Service, it is advisable to use the previously determined market value.

In tax expenses, surpluses are taken into account according to the formula: market value * income tax rate. Such accounting for surplus during inventory is suitable not only for materials or goods, but also for another type of property.

The nuances of capitalization of fixed assets

Often in the process of conducting an inventory, one has to deal not only with excess goods or materials, but also with fixed assets. In this situation, accounting is conducted according to other rules. The features of this process include:

• surpluses in the inventory of fixed assets are classified as non-operating income;
• their market price is taken into account, but financiers recommend equating the funds identified with income in kind;
• the cost is determined based on the price of the property received free of charge, and not the information contained in various invoices or other documents;
• there is no possibility for companies to amortize the revealed surplus, since it is impossible to determine the initial cost by the standard method, since there are no recorded costs in the form of capital investments for the formation or purchase of these objects.

Accounting for surplus in the inventory of fixed assets is considered quite complicated. The Ministry of Finance in various letters and explanations indicates the impossibility of depreciation of fixed assets obtained by the results of the process, even in a situation where they fully meet the requirements of depreciable property.

This situation leads to the fact that it is necessary to pay income tax on all non-operating income, but it is impossible to add any amounts to expenses, even in successive stages by accruing depreciation.

It is not possible to write off the value of fixed assets identified as a result of an inventory in tax accounting or when selling them. Therefore, when they are implemented, the revenue received must be reckoned with taxable income, and it will not work to reduce the market price.

When is a cash register inventory needed?

How to capitalize the surplus in the inventory of the cash register? Such a situation is quite rare, and at the same time, the company itself can establish rules on the basis of which reconciliation is carried out.

Typically, an inventory of the cash register is required in situations:

• property owned by the company is sold, leased or redeemed;
• the transformation of a unitary enterprise that is state or municipal;
• immediately before the preparation of financial statements prepared annually;
• if the company is required to be liquidated or reorganized.

Unscheduled conduct of this process is allowed if there is a suspicion that the funds were stolen.

Cash inventory nuances

The process is carried out by a specially appointed commission, which necessarily includes a professional accountant. Surplus or shortage are revealed during inventory taking. Checks for the presence of all the values ​​that are listed in the documents of the company. These include:

• cash deposited in cash by buyers;
• monetary documents, which include stamps, paid trips to different sanatoriums, tickets for air or rail transport or a variety of payment cards;
• securities;
• BSO

Initially, all the above values, which are actually available at the cash desk, are completely recounted. Next, the obtained values ​​are verified with the data indicated in the cash book, on the basis of which the company is kept records.

At the end of the process, a special cash inventory statement is drawn up. It prescribes how much actually funds and documents are in cash. It additionally takes into account money:

• on my way;
• on the company's settlement accounts, but this does not include deposits, as they are represented by the financial investments of the company.

Often an excess amount of money comes to light, so it’s important to figure out how to capitalize the excess during the inventory.

How are extra funds taken into account?

When taking a CCP testimony, it may be found that the revenue received exceeds the amount indicated in the report. This indicates the presence of excess funds at the checkout. They are certainly recorded in a special cashier's journal, and for this, columns 11 and 14 are used.

For posting, standard postings are used:

• D50 K90, which indicates the reflection of the adopted revenue on the indicators of the CCP.
• D50 K91, which recognizes the presence of other income represented by surplus at the cash desk.

Capitalization of surplus during the inventory of the cash desk is certainly carried out on the date when the funds are accepted.

How is oversupply reflected when using the simplified tax system?

If the company operates under the simplified regime, then if any surplus is found, it must be displayed in the income that is used to calculate the tax.

The profit received at the time of ratification of the final audit is taken into account.

Firms often combine different tax regimes, and in this case, if the identified values ​​do not apply to the simplified tax system, then they may not be reflected in this system. This is only possible with separate competent accounting.

Thus, inventory is an important procedure implemented at each enterprise. It can be carried out as planned or if there are important reasons for this. The process is being implemented by a special commission consisting of several specialists with experience and the ability to study documents and actual values. Based on the audit, surplus or shortage is identified. If there is an overabundance of property, it is important to correctly capitalize the values. Initially, we need to understand the reasons for the appearance of such a discrepancy. Next, an order is issued by the head and the necessary entries are made by the accountant.