Basic rules of radio exchange, discipline of radio communications

Radio communication has confidently entered our life. The rules of radio exchange allow you to streamline and simplify it. It should be noted that the only universal and universally used code does not exist. So, they single out the rules for conducting radio exchanges in the Ministry of Emergencies, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, security, troops and many other structures. In addition, certain groups of people can create their own developments and agreements on how to get in touch. Since, unfortunately, it will not work to cover everything within the framework of one article (for this, perhaps, even a whole book is not enough), we will have to pay attention only to the most significant moments.

general information

And you should start here with what constitutes radio discipline. In fact, this is a strict implementation of the developed rules and requirements for the implementation of communication sessions. In order to exclude or make it difficult for unauthorized persons to use information transmitted through communication channels, it is necessary to comply with certain instructions. For example: apply callsigns, negotiation tables, coded cards, avoid open negotiations on critical issues. In a critical situation, it is necessary to ensure that third parties are not aware of the plan of action for the words they hear. For example, during military operations, each time you turn on the radio station, you need to use listening to make sure that there is no exchange in the radio network. In case of violation of discipline, all measures must be taken to stop these facts. It should always be remembered that the rules for maintaining the radio exchange of various structures were created for a reason. An example is needed here.

Military negotiations

There is a division of violations into three categories. In addition, responsibility for violators also varies. So, if you do not adhere to the established rules and do not observe discipline, then the soldier will be brought to administrative responsibility. If the violation entailed the disclosure of military secrets, then this is already criminal liability. In total, the military distinguishes three categories, each of which represents a group of misconduct.

So, they distinguish:

1. Violations of the first category. By this we understand the use of the table of the on-duty radio operator for the transfer of secret data, this also includes an untimely change of frequencies, open negotiations. About the latter, it should be noted that the reason for responsibility may be the disclosure of a number of information: location, name, purpose and nature of the tasks performed, the number of personnel, information about the material part and military equipment, traffic routes, the encoding order of topographic maps, keys and their timing actions, data of secret equipment and the reasons for its action.
2. Violations of the second category. These include the natural numbering of radiograms that come from a single communications node, working with old and new callsigns, breaking radio silence, private conversations, transmitting uncoded symbols for officials and correspondents, as well as open negotiations from which you can set the numbers of military units, field mail, generalized information about the status of command posts, the type of troops, generals, officers, ranks and last names.
3. Violations of the third category. These include poor quality of work, causing a delay, distortion of the waveform, activity at a different frequency, failure to comply with the requirements of the main radio station, the use of special radiograms instead of a service code,failure to comply with the standards for the number of contacts established. In addition, these include the transmission of non-coded frequency ratings, series of radiograms.

The rules for conducting military-style radio exchanges prescribe that commanders of all positions are required to take urgent measures to suppress disciplinary violations.

How to negotiate?

It is necessary to strictly observe the rules of warfare. That is, for this, a radio is used, on which instructions are transmitted in plain text or with a speech mask. In the first case, callsigns are used to call, and the terrain points are indicated from landmarks and conventional names. The set signals are used to transmit executive commands. If the enemy creates interference, then you have to go to spare frequencies. What does this process look like? For him, the following procedure is provided:

1. Initially, the call sign of the called radio station is indicated twice. If you know that the connection is good, then only once.
2. Then “I” is pronounced and the call sign of the radio station from which the signal is coming. You need to call once.
3. A signal is transmitted (it is a command). Twice. If it is reliably known that there are no problems with communication, then once.
4. Then again pronounced "I" and the call sign of the radio station. Once.
5. The final stage - the word "reception" is used. Also one time.

Depending on the situation, a decision is made on various individual points. For example, signals and commands can be transmitted without first calling the correspondent, as well as obtaining consent to receive from him. It should be noted that they go, as a rule, to all radio network correspondents. In this case, a circular callsign is used. In other cases, linear or individual are used. If good call quality is maintained, then you can work with shortened callsigns or without them at all. In cases where it is a circular transmission, the command must be repeated two times. Before that, the correspondent of the main radio station must make sure that there is no direct connection between the individual elements. A return check is immediately given to the received signal, which consists in the exact repetition of the received information. In extreme cases, confirmation is carried out using the word "understood." Remember - the rules are written in blood, and breaking them is categorically not recommended.

And what about the Ministry of Emergencies?

It may happen that the situation will require obtaining the most current data. For example, from firefighters. After all, it was just recently that numerous areas of land were burning. And if you know the rules of the Ministry of Emergency Situations radio communication, you can receive information from responsible persons, making decisions in a timely manner and minimizing possible harm. Such situations include a flood or a hurricane. You can recall the situation that unfolded in the United States. Although it happens that the swiftness of fire and nighttime do not give the opportunity to communicate with service people.

Nevertheless, what are the rules of radio exchange in the fire department and other responsible structures? Initially - it is necessary to accurately and clearly observe the established order. That is, to comply with the adopted rules for establishing contact, negotiating, registering them, fulfilling requirements, adhering to the regulations for operating communications. Messages should be brief and give a good idea of ​​the situation.

The following are considered as violations:

1. Private negotiations.
2. The transfer of information that should not be disclosed.
3. Negotiations with radio correspondents that did not name the callsigns.
4. Disclosure of operating frequencies and confidential information.

In order to maintain technical means in constant readiness, a radio check is carried out. It is carried out by calling and answering it. For communication quality, a five-point system is used:

1. Reception is not possible.
2. Poor connection.The interference is so strong that the words can be made out with difficulty.
3. Satisfactory communication. Strong interference, intelligibility is insufficient.
4. Good connection. Words are legible, but interference is heard.
5. Great connection. Words are legible, interference is not heard.

What if you can’t put five in any way?

Specifics of work in severe conditions from the point of view of the Ministry of Emergencies

It may happen that the distance to the nearest receiving point will be significantly. What are the rules for conducting radio communications in the fire department in such a case? With poor hearing, ambiguity and the use of unpronounceable words, letters are widely used. What is the essence of this approach? In this case, the target information is divided into individual letters, for which simple phrases are selected. For example: A - Anna, I - Ivan, Sh - Shura. Separately, it is worth recalling the soft and hard sign. It is possible that at the time of use the information provided below will become outdated, but the following names and symbols are used to transfer words by letters.

In order to increase the likelihood of response, radio stations should operate exclusively on the frequency channels allocated to them. The programs themselves are recommended to be leisurely, distinct, intelligible. Talk should be in full voice. This does not mean that you should scream. Why? The fact is that a scream violates the clarity and clarity of the transmission. What is the form of appeal? The simplest one looks like this:

• Whom they call.
• Who the request is from.
• Requirement to answer.
• Message.
• Transmission of session termination information using End Link.

There are other, slightly modified forms. For example:

• Whom they call.
• Who is calling.
• The requirement to accept the message.
• Information transmitted.
• The end of the session.

In this case, before you call your own callsign, you must always use the "I". If you miss this small moment, then it will be considered that discipline is violated.

Technical points

If we talk about various services, then all radio stations should operate at the allocated conventional frequencies. Work on other channels, except when it is required to communicate with life support services, is prohibited. Otherwise, discipline will be violated. Radio rules require all callsigns to be assigned. The use of arbitrary designations is strictly prohibited. Before you start working at a certain frequency, you should make sure that it is not used by other subscribers. Interfering in the radio exchange between the two stations is allowed only to the main point of contact, as well as the fact that they are in crisis conditions. For example, they work at a fire site and cause additional forces.

In order for the equipment to function without problems, it is necessary to carry out maintenance on time. This is important to maintain performance and good call quality. If we turn to the experience of fire protection, then they have four standards of maintenance:

1. Daily.
2. Weekly.
3. Quarterly.
4. Seasonal.

Why is significant attention paid to this? The quality of the established communication depends on how well the responsibilities will be fulfilled, because distortion can give a misconception about the situation and is guaranteed to increase the response time. What do the rules of radio offer? The discipline of radio communications for firefighters requires:

1. Daily maintenance is carried out at radio stations that operate continuously (or do not interrupt for more than a day) by personnel during the reception / delivery of duty. Inspection is carried out for scratches, dents, holes, damage to coatings and stains, clarity of inscriptions and signs, condition of connectors, contact terminals, headset, indicators. The radio station is cleaned without opening it, during which dust and dirt are removed. The reliability of the fasteners and connections, as well as the operability in operating modes, is checked.
2. A weekly check is carried out at radio stations that operate continuously or are interrupted for a period of more than one day by personnel. It is carried out in the scope of maintenance No. If necessary, cleaning the contacts of the connector, lubricating the rotating elements, checking the equipment in all possible modes, with additional devices and indicators can be carried out.
3. Quarterly and seasonal maintenance involves the implementation of activities that require professional technical training. Performed by communication specialists.

And what about law enforcement and security services?

In general, the situation is similar to the structures already considered. But there are also specific points. So, the rules of radio exchange in the ATS suggest that when organizing a radio network (station or direction), it is necessary to assign data that will include:

1. Place of installation.
2. Sequence numbers of correspondents and networks.
3. Call signs for each object and its working time.
4. Radio network number (directions) and their composition.

Call signs can be digital or verbal. The rules of radio exchange in the ATS provide that the former are assigned to portable and mobile, and the latter to fixed stations. At the same time, work with arbitrary or unregistered data is prohibited. The rules of radio communication of the Ministry of Internal Affairs provide for the possibility of establishing simplex and half-duplex sessions. In the first case, participants receive and transmit messages one at a time. In the second, too, but the receiving radio station may stop the transmission and not listen to the information to the end. In the third case, the reception and transmission of messages can go simultaneously.

The process is as follows:

• Call one, several or all correspondents.
• Message passing.
• The end of the radio.

In order to avoid conflict situations, it is necessary to follow the order and rules of radio exchange. Security in this regard is a little easier - after all, contact is usually established at a distance of several hundred meters.

How do they work?

Initially, you need to select the desired channel. Then the volume control sets a value that allows you to parse words well. It should be borne in mind that the better they are heard, the higher the energy consumption. Then you should listen to the broadcast - whether a certain radio station is transmitting. Then the contact is established. Initially, the subscriber callsign, and then your own. A message is transmitted and end with an acknowledgment. Both the rules of the radio exchange of protection and law enforcement agencies establish the following restrictions:

1. Private information cannot be transmitted.
2. It is forbidden to use arbitrary radio data.
3. It is impossible to conduct radio communications that may give third parties access to official secrets.

And what is transmitted through the channels of the police and security agencies? This is information about the following:

• Robberies, robberies, thefts and other offenses.
• Detecting a helpless person or a corpse.
• Separate fires, while the name and location of especially important objects, as well as the situation on them and the course of the fire, are not disclosed.
• The location of the outfits, changing the route of their patrol or the location of the post.
• Theft of vehicles.
• Traffic accidents (if less than five died and less than ten people were injured).
• Call medical personnel to the scene.
• The technical condition of accessible vehicles and communications.
• Public order at venues for sports events.
• The status of power supplies, telephone communications, alarm systems at guarded facilities.
• Road and meteorological conditions.

This is what special radio is. Radio exchange rules can be transmitted in clear text in such cases:

• The announcement of the orientation on the search and detention of the offender.
• The call of additional forces to protect public order, extinguish a fire, prevent / combat crime.
• Detention or organization of unhindered passage of vehicles. At the same time, their type, brand, state license plate and external signs are indicated. No secret information is mentioned.

If it is necessary to transmit secret information, then other means are used for them, or the transfer is encrypted.

What about hams?

Not only public services and units use this type of communication. The basic rules of radio exchange are also known to people who, for certain reasons, show interest in it. For example, truckers. Or rescue volunteers working as auxiliary units in finding people. And even people who believe that the world is heading for its fall, and it is necessary to prepare for survival in difficult conditions, so as not to disappear. But it’s difficult for one to do this, and communication with positive characters is necessary. And ordinary lovers who create various means of communication simply out of scientific interest should not be forgotten either. At the same time, one can observe how the rules of phraseology of radio exchange are formed, which are used to denote certain things. For example, the "survivors" is:

1. NAZ - untouchable emergency stock.
2. Synchron - a place of sheltering supplies (food, water, weapons) in case of a crisis.
3. DVD - a house in the village, the alleged place of evacuation in the event of a collapse of civilization.

And this is not all, but only individual words that are used during communication sessions. If it is not possible to establish contact, then perhaps this is due to the fact that the ham enthusiasts are sitting at different frequencies. In this case, you need to find a thematic corner and find out where and how you can get in touch. Although it is possible that at a distance of the next several tens of kilometers there is simply no one.

Conclusion

We have considered what constitutes discipline during a radio exchange. The interaction schemes described here are generalized, in practice, depending on the scope and conditions, specific aspects of the circle of communication with which you have to deal have a role. For example, you can buy a radio station aimed at receiving and transmitting messages in the CB range, and get in touch with fans to sit on frequencies. Maybe a driver passing by will be caught or there will be a fan of preparing for survival. At the same time, it will be problematic to get to the police frequency or the channel of the Ministry of Emergency Situations using exclusively civilian versions of radio stations, since they are not intended for this. But, for example, using the CBC range in Moscow, St. Petersburg and some other large cities of the Russian Federation, you can establish contact with emergency dispatchers, request the sending of doctors, firefighters, police, or someone else.