To understand what types of rehabilitation of people with disabilities exist, you must first understand what this term means by itself. In the modern sense, the word implies comprehensive measures to restore human abilities completely or in some part with regard to everyday life, social interaction, and professional activity. The main idea of rehabilitation is the elimination of life restrictions or their compensation in the most persistent form. Rehabilitation is aimed at working with people whose difficulties are caused by health problems. The optimal outcome of such a program is the achievement by a person of absolute independence (including material) and integration into society without a sense of inferiority of himself and his capabilities.
General understanding
Analyzing the concept and types of social rehabilitation of people with disabilities, it should be noted: over the years, the meaning of this term has changed somewhat. For the first time, people started talking about rehabilitation back during the First World War, and since then the ideas about what goals such an integrated system should pursue, what methods should be applied for this, have been substantially adjusted. In our time, rehabilitation is commonly understood as economic, social, legal, professional measures, work with a person in order to restore mental and physical health. Teachers are also involved. The main idea of this activity is the least time-consuming and most effective in terms of restoration of the functionality of the individual, lost due to the reasons that led to the assignment of the status of a disabled person. At the same time, the rehabilitation program allows you to restore social, individual status.
The rehabilitation process is a three-stage comprehensive human support. The first step of the program is reconvalescence, after which specialists in adaptation, secondary socialization of a citizen are connected, taking into account changed life circumstances.
And detail?
Reconvalescence is a type of medical rehabilitation of people with disabilities, which allows to restore, to some extent, the psychology and biological functionality of the body. They work with those aspects that are violated due to the reason that has become the basis for conferring the status of a disabled person.
Adaptation is understood to mean the ability of a living organism to adapt to the changing conditions of everyday life. The concept is complex, it includes passive processes of adjusting needs to the surrounding circumstances of the situation. The second way is active adaptation, coupled with adjusting the environment to fit your needs. Considering brief characteristics of the types of rehabilitation of people with disabilities, it should be noted that the stage of adaptation in such programs is a method of interaction between the environment and the individual, which allows one to adjust to the other, and the process is mutual.
Starting all over again
Among the main types of rehabilitation of disabled people is rehabilitation. This is a term that describes the process of inclusion in previous living conditions when changing your own level of functionality. As auxiliary means, a person resorts to compensatory abilities. Re-adaptation is an extremely important stage, during the passage of which the individual learns, adapts to living conditions, and develops new opportunities to work. Re-adaptation allows you to get involved in various habitats characteristic of our civilization.
Resocialization is a term that describes one of the types of rehabilitation of people with disabilities.This concept implies a comprehensive work on the restoration of mutual relations of the injured person and the environment (micro, macro level). This stage is considered to be the final in the modern rehabilitation program. With its passage, you can evaluate how well the work was organized at previous levels. Efficiency becomes the key to high-quality, full inclusion in public life. A person becomes a member of various social groups, structures inherent in our civilization. Equally, there is an inclusion in all important social spheres of life, not only everyday, everyday, but also creativity, politics and others.
International system
The types described above and their contents in the rehabilitation of persons with disabilities as a medical and social program are practiced in our country, including as a tribute to the standards recommended for use by WHO. The specialists of this organization formulated three forms of the consequences of the phenomenon leading to a person becoming disabled. These consequences can occur all at once or alternately follow each other. It is customary to speak of three levels, between which close mutual relations are observed.
The basic level is biological. A disabled person is a person whose morphofunctional status differs from the standard, accepted as the norm. There are violations of systems, organs. The second is organismic, expressed in limitation of mobility, social interaction, control of one’s body, behavior. Such disorders provoke a decrease in the ability to work and serve themselves. Effective types of rehabilitation of people with disabilities (the concept of this phenomenon also reflects this fact) allows to some extent compensate for this phenomenon, although success is not possible in 100% of cases. Finally, the third level is social, reflecting broken relationships with the public, family, and relatives. Social deficiency is provoked by various functional disorders and requires a special approach to compensate for this problem.
Systemic solution to the problem: what is the rehabilitation of disabled
“What are the types of rehabilitation?” - quite often, such a question comes up on exams for students in social medicine courses. Remembering the different varieties, we must remember that each of them is aimed at one of the levels of functional disorders mentioned above. There are three points of application of methods, three key rehabilitation tasks assigned to specialists and patients working in a team. It is first necessary to achieve functional restoration of the body's capabilities, then pay attention to the domestic, social sphere, and complete the return to a person of their previous status through work with qualified psychologists for successful integration and adaptation to society. It is equally important to pay attention to the professional recovery of a person.
The concept and types of rehabilitation of people with disabilities is a complex area, which primarily includes measures to restore general health. Surgical methods allow to some extent reconstruct the lost elements of the body, prostheses make it possible to return to the previous functionality. Medical events may include orthosis. Optimal recovery can be achieved by passing a spa therapeutic course in a specialized sanatorium.
Continuing the topic
Along with medical recovery, or as this stage progresses, another type of rehabilitation of the disabled begins - returning to a person the opportunity to act in the human community. An individual undergoes vocational guidance, an educational course. Special services help with finding a suitable job and adapting to a specific position.
Successful completion of professional recovery allows you to most effectively begin to social adaptation, adaptation to domestic conditions, social environment. For this, pedagogical types of rehabilitation of the disabled, the help of psychologists, sociologists, as well as socio-cultural opportunities are needed. Having the opportunity to work with specialists, a person can integrate into society and regain a high level of quality of life. The final stage - physical events, health courses. The optimal outcome is the inclusion of a person in sports activity with the maximum use of all the capabilities of the individual.
Workflow idea
All types of rehabilitation of persons with disabilities practiced in modern society are intended for a comprehensive impact on the affected individual. The approach is multidisciplinary, allowing you to return a person to his previous abilities (or as close as possible to this). The idea of such an event is the restoration of human abilities while taking into account the potential of a particular person and the world around him (micro, macro). The ideal effect that the patient and the doctors working with him should strive to achieve is a multidisciplinary recovery, systematic, encompassing various life processes.
Anatomical defects are not the reason that a person has lost independence, at least in most cases. The most modern types of technical means of rehabilitation of people with disabilities can cope with functional disorders, deviations from the norms generally accepted in society, while maintaining independence. Rehabilitation measures are aimed at restoring the mutual relations between the individual and the world around him. Regarding disability, to some extent, rehabilitation is also prevention related to functioning in society.
Ways and Techniques
Modern types of rehabilitation of people with disabilities are a fairly wide variety of forms of events. The most common understanding of the term for most is medical. In addition to him, they distinguish psychological, social rehabilitation, professional, related to pedagogy. Each of the aspects has its own characteristic distinguishing features.
Medical - this type of rehabilitation of the disabled (children, adults), which involves the restoration of the state of health completely or to some extent. If it is impossible to reverse the pathology, doctors take possible measures to slow its development and prevent complications of the situation. Possible relapse must be prevented. The effectiveness of medical intervention is a basic level, the foundation for all other types of rehabilitation activity.
Continuing the topic
Psychological types of social rehabilitation of people with disabilities involve the interaction of the individual with the environment. A person learns to adapt to the requirements of the world around him, increases self-awareness, develops a correct attitude to his condition, defects, pathologies. At the same time, the ability to deal with psychological difficulties is growing. A citizen is mastering new ways of creating productive relationships with other people, including family, work collective. An important rehabilitation aspect is the emotional, psychological, social assistance that a disabled person needs at all stages of recovery.
Pedagogical is such a rehabilitation layer, during the implementation of which the individual undergoes training, develops, and is brought up. The main idea of using funds in the form of rehabilitation of people with disabilities related to pedagogy is the acquisition of new public experience, the development of skills and abilities that allow themselves to be maintained, provided. Along with this, norms of behavior in society are being mastered. Pedagogy as a component of the rehabilitation program is also a correctional aspect.A special case is the need to interact with people whose defects make learning difficult. In modern society, special attention is paid to the organization of courses, institutions for training not only disabled people, but also people close to them.
Society and functions
Modern types of social rehabilitation of people with disabilities imply a complex effect on a person with the aim of increasing the functional abilities of an individual. Both domestic aspects and social aspects are considered. If a person has been destroyed, lost touch with society, as part of the rehabilitation program, measures are being taken to restore them, to recreate relations with other people. The main goal of the event is the return of the person to his former status in society. With the successful completion of the program, a person can again be active in society, the profession, and everyday life. The individual adapts to the world around him, the requirements of the human community, acquires independence, independence (including material).
Professional - this is such rehabilitation, in which the disabled person receives a new profession or returns to his previous activity, while maintaining the level of usefulness. In some cases, it is necessary to take a career guidance course, a special educational program, and adaptation. Support services help to get a suitable workplace and function on it, being useful to society, while self-fulfilling through activity.
Social programs
This rehabilitation aspect deserves special attention. Social services in our country are organized with the provision of special services to those in need, related to their needs. The legal standards declared by law strictly establish the rules and limits of protection for the disabled. The laws regulate social services for people in need of such support. This applies not only to persons with disabilities, but also to many other individuals. But specialized rehabilitation services are preferences, which can only be expected by people who have officially issued such a status. The specialized range includes the help of orthopedists, prosthetists, the provision of products to simplify the movement.
As part of social adaptation, people are helped to find a suitable place for permanent work. The social workers involved in this area select activities that are combined with not only the physiological state, but also the psyche of a particular person. Be sure to pay attention to the abilities, education, and other individual traits of a particular person.
History reference
For the first time, the need for rehabilitation programs was discussed after the First World War. It was then that rehabilitation science began to develop. The promise of great power was soon followed by the first second world armed conflict, accompanied by a huge number of victims. At present (if we compare with previous times), the level of mortality and morbidity has significantly decreased due to hygienic standards, medical advances and sanitary living conditions. There is an opposite development of the situation: more and more children are born with congenital diseases, which becomes the reason for recognizing them as disabled from the very tender age. All this forces us to develop rehabilitation science further, so that all people can lead a full life, economic, social activity, develop intellectually, benefit society and enjoy a decent quality of life.
Currently, one of the key cultural, civilized indicators of the development of a particular community is the level of assistance to people who do not have an adequate level of social protection. The first on this list are people with disabilities.Rehabilitation as a medical science involves interacting with such individuals using various techniques, the choice of which is based on the personality of a particular person. It is equally important to take into account the specifics of the disease, the presence of relations with society, their nature and strength.