Human life is multifaceted, and everyone can have a situation in which financial support is needed. In this case, the state comes to the rescue, which is called upon to take care of its citizens and control their well-being. For needy categories of the population there is material assistance. The article will examine the concept and types of social benefits.
Everyone is familiar with the phrase "social allowance", but despite its popularity, such a term is absent in the legislation of the Russian Federation. In various legal documents, countries use the word "payments".
Social benefits are provided by the state. Assigned to citizens of the country as compensation for any losses from the budget.
State social assistance in the form of social benefits is a country's obligation to individuals or legal entities. It involves the provision of financial and other intangible goods in accordance with generally recognized rules of law.
Most categories falling under such a guarantee relate to state social benefits.
These are the most common types of social benefits claimed by Russian citizens. Moreover, there are many others, among themselves they are divided according to criteria.
Principles of Appointment
Types of social security benefits that are divided by legal criteria:
- Social security payments (providing a citizen with material benefits at any social risk).
- Social insurance (payments that the insurance campaign appoints; there are one-time and monthly).
Eligibility for social benefits
The payment of any type of compulsory social insurance benefits is due to citizens who work under an employment contract. If a person works in several places, payments are made at the main place of work - where his work book is located.
Types of Social Security Benefits
These payments are provided by the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation. There are certain types of social insurance benefits. They are divided into categories depending on the part of the population to which they are intended. These include the following categories:
- pension (monthly payments and other benefits that a citizen has the right to receive upon reaching retirement age);
- Children's benefits (birth and parenting);
- other payments related to human health and life.
Children's benefits
In recent years, significant changes have occurred in the sphere of payments in the field of young families. In Russian legislation there is no single term for a group of questions on family payments. This part of social security concerns the rights of parents and children.
At present, the following types of social benefits for children are distinguished:
- Pregnancy and childbirth.
The calculation of benefits depends on the size of the woman’s wages for the last two calendar years.
It is charged from the day of going on vacation, it is impossible to combine it with wages (if suddenly a woman did not want to go on vacation in due time).
It is issued at the place of work, service or in social protection.
When combining several works, a woman has the right to receive two benefits. But only on condition that she worked for 2 years in each place.
To receive the payment you will need the following documents:
- statement;
- sick leave;
- earnings certificate for the last two years.
2. Registration in the antenatal clinic.
The allowance is issued upon an early arrival at the antenatal clinic, that is, if the pregnant woman is registered up to 12 weeks. To do this, you need to take a certificate in the LCD and take it to work.
In addition, once in pregnancy relies on the issuance of vitamins for pregnant women. And you can write an application for easy work. This will ensure a decrease in production standards, transfer to easier physical work (if a woman’s position implies the presence of night shifts, lifting weights or implies an adverse effect on human health) while maintaining earnings.
There should be a window into the room; work with computers is also excluded (no more than a couple of hours a day).
If the employer cannot provide a job that meets these requirements, he is obliged to relieve the pregnant woman from work. In this case, the average wage is paid.
When women go on vacation, light work conditions end. Therefore, leaving the decree, she returns to her previous duties on old terms.
3. The birth of a child.
This is a one-time allowance that one of the parents can receive for each of the children, regardless of material wealth.
You can get paid at the place of work or in social protection (if the parent does not work).
At the moment, the benefit for the birth of a child is 16,759 rubles. If several children were born, payments are made for each of them.
If the parents are divorced, the benefit is paid to the one with whom the child lives.
4. Holidays for childcare.
It is worth paying special attention that leave is given up to three years, and the allowance is allocated only up to one and a half.
Other relatives besides mother can also receive this monthly allowance: for example, dad or grandmother. Accordingly, someone else will sit with the child.
When combining several jobs, the benefit is paid by one of the employers. This issue is decided at the discretion of the employee.
To receive this payment you will need:
- statement;
- birth or adoption certificate (for all children);
- a certificate from the place of work of the second parent who did not receive this allowance.
There are situations when a woman is on maternity leave, but again needs to pay maternity leave. In this case, she is paid only one of these benefits.
When the child reaches the age of one and a half years, social payments cease. Further, monetary compensation is paid, which is 60 rubles.
5. Adoption.
Adopters have the right to the same social benefits as blood parents, including maternity benefits, when a child is transferred to a family for parenting and maternity capital.
6. Low-income families.
This includes monthly benefits, targeted payments, social mortgages. There are also benefits for utility bills and kindergarten, tax deduction.
These are the main types of social benefits, but there are others that occur less frequently:
- disability to care for a disabled child;
- burial of a minor or stillborn child (within 196 days after pregnancy);
- transfer of the child to the family for education;
- the spouse of a soldier undergoing military service under a contract;
- Families recognized as refugees;
- orphans;
- children of the dead military personnel and police officers in the performance of their duties.
Separately, we consider a very important and large-scale type of social allowance.
Maternal capital
This type of social support for the population is designed for the period from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2021.
Women who have given birth to a second and subsequent children after January 1, 2007 have the right to maternity capital. A man can also receive payment if he is the only adoptive parent of the second and subsequent children.
To confirm the right to benefit, the pension fund issues a state certificate.
The recipient of this payment, as in most types of social benefits, is required to have Russian citizenship. The exception is the option in which a woman cannot receive benefits (death or disqualification). In this case, the father, regardless of citizenship, has the right to payment.
Maternity capital can be used for the following purposes:
- improvement of housing conditions;
- the formation of a funded mother's pension;
- social adaptation and integration of children with disabilities;
- child education.
Pension payments
Types of pensions and social benefits:
1. In old age.
This is a monthly allowance that is paid to a citizen upon reaching a certain age (currently 60 years for men and 55 for women) and in accordance with the existing work experience (25 and 20 years, respectively).
Retirement age is calculated depending on gender, working conditions and other factors.
In addition to the actual time worked, the length of service includes:
- Holiday to care for the child;
- decree;
- sick leave;
- urgent military service.
If a person has a working experience of less than five years in his entire life, then he is assigned a social pension. It comes 5 years later and is currently about five thousand rubles.
2. On the development of special experience.
This definition implies the total duration of a citizen’s labor activity in individual professions, localities - that is, in conditions adversely affecting human health. Professions in which special experience is provided:
- educators;
- firefighters;
- military personnel;
- civil servants;
- employees of municipal medical institutions;
- Workers in cultural education (cinema, theater, cultural center);
- miners (and other categories of the population working in difficult conditions);
- drivers of public transport.
3. By disability.
This is a monthly allowance that is assigned to a citizen in connection with the disability of a group and in accordance with Russian law. Although the pension is due to incapacity, the total length of service is still taken into account. The exception is people who have become disabled until the age of 20, as well as the case when injuries were received at work.
4. Social benefits up to the subsistence level of a pensioner in a particular region.
5. Other payments due to persons with disabilities, veterans and other special categories of the population. The competent authority in this case is the FIU (Russian Pension Fund). He accepts the application and other documents for registration, is engaged in the appointment, transfer and recalculation of pensions. Payments are made every month and may vary in accordance with indexation and other economic phenomena. Moreover, human rights should not be infringed, and the size of the pension cannot be less than the subsistence level in the country.
There are several systems by which pension payments are accrued:
1. The funded pension is formed by contributions from employers. This type of accrual is preferable if you are going to retire later than the appointed time, as in this case the monthly payments will be higher.
2. Distribution.
In this system, the pension level is fixed, that is, payments cannot be higher or lower than the established amount. It depends on what kind of salary a person had before retiring.
The advantage of this type of pension is that the financial interests of a citizen are protected, because monthly payments cannot be below the border.
Each citizen has the right to choose the best option for himself. In addition, if you wish, you can conclude an agreement with another, non-state pension fund.
In addition, the type of state pension benefits is included in the types of old-age social benefits. By participating in it, you can make voluntary contributions, which the state, in turn, will double.Thus, each person is responsible for how much his pension will be.
Other payments related to the health and life of citizens
There are other types of social benefits that are included in the protection of citizens' rights:
- burial (includes the cost of services on the guaranteed list of burial);
- post-vaccination complication (the benefit is paid to the victim or relatives in case of his death);
- migrants and refugees;
- unemployment;
- military service (throughout the term);
- incapacity for work (providing paid leave for treatment if the injury was received at work, as well as in the event of an occupational disease).
Amount and duration of payments
To receive a payment for any type of social allowance, you need to write a statement at least 6 months in advance. Otherwise, you will not be able to receive money.
The amount of benefits depends on several factors:
- work experience (at the same time its continuity is taken into account);
- social category;
- causes of disability.
If temporary disability benefit is granted as a result of an industrial injury, then its amount will be 100 percent of earnings.
In order to receive almost any type of social benefits, you must come to the appropriate authorities, write a statement (employment center or place of work of a citizen). After reviewing the documents that confirm your right to receive payment, you can find out the result.
Of course, the use of any false information entails criminal penalties.
Size and duration of disability payments to certain categories of the population
In this case, the list is as follows:
- Workers of the Far North and other areas equated to them (the allowance is full earnings and interest premium).
- Citizens affected by radiation as a result of the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (payments in the amount of the average earnings of the Russian Federation).
Social protection of the population of the Russian Federation
In recent years, the social security system of the population of the Russian Federation has undergone major transformations. Changes in the payment of various types of state social benefits are associated, first of all, with radical changes in the social, economic, political and other spheres of the country's life.
As you can see, the state is currently striving to provide citizens with a comfortable existence and protection. There are many concepts and types of social benefits. Today we tried to understand their structure and properties.
State social assistance in the form of social benefits and the degree of its development speaks of the well-being of a country that cares for its citizens and ensures their comfortable existence.