What does “attorney” mean? This word refers to several professions that differ from each other. There are four of them, these are such types of attorneys, such as a jury, private, patent and charge d'affaires. Pi, the first two professions have already ceased to exist, the other two are active. Let's study the meaning of the word “attorney” in more detail.
Attorney at Law
The attorney is a lawyer who served in the Russian Empire from 1864-1917. and was a member of a district court or court of law. He had a number of rights and obligations. For example, the rights of jurors were as follows:
- Conducting civil cases in various instances.
- Receiving remuneration in such cases.
- Transfer of documents to other jurors, bypassing the bailiffs.
Their responsibilities included:
- Maintain a list of assigned cases.
- Submission to the district court or council in accordance with the first requirement.
- The impossibility of combining activities with active service is based on the principle of independence from superiors.
A lawyer could be a person who met the following criteria:
- He had a university degree in law.
- He served five years in the judicial department or was for the duration of this term as assistants to a sworn solicitor.
- Received the approval of the court or the supervisory board.
- Reached 25 years.
- He was a Russian citizen.
The following persons were not allowed to this position:
- insolvent debtors;
- those in government or elective service;
- subject to restriction or deprivation of rights of a court;
- under investigation for a certain number of misconduct and crimes;
- previously excluded from the number of jurors.
Private attorney
The meaning of this phrase is easy to explain. Private attorneys included persons who were representatives in civil matters, as well as defenders in criminal matters. This post appeared in the Russian Empire in 1874, in accordance with the law adopted on May 25.
Private attorneys differed from jurors in that they could only appear in the courts in which they were issued a certificate. That is, a special permit that allows them to engage in relevant activities. In November 1917, this institute was abolished.
Patent Attorney
A patent attorney is a profession based on the provision of legal assistance in the field of jurisprudence such as patent law. The named specialist advises both individuals and representatives of organizations. And also his competence includes the protection of their interests in the courts.
Representatives of this profession must have appropriate qualifications in the field of theory and practice of patent law. In different countries, the requirements for it may vary. There are such varieties as the Eurasian, European and patent attorneys of the Russian Federation. We will talk about the latter in more detail.
Patent Attorney of the Russian Federation
What does the RF attorney mean? A patent attorney in our country is a person specially authorized to carry out, in accordance with the instructions of his clients, business with the federal authority in Russia that deals with intellectual property issues.
This legal institution was born in 1922. In order to be registered and qualify, you need to pass an exam in accordance with a specific field of activity, which is accepted by Rospatent. Moreover, his field of activity is limited to one or another industrial object (for example, inventions or trademarks).
Charge d'affaires
There is such a variation as charge d'affaires. Such an attorney is an employee of the diplomatic mission, who is his head. He has a third class of heads of diplomatic missions, following the ambassador and envoy. Charge d'affaires are temporary and permanent.
Charge d'affaires are required to act as the head of the mission when there is no ambassador (not appointed or is away). And also in the case when the ambassador works part-time, but does not have permanent residence, or when diplomatic relations between the countries have already been established, but the exchange of ambassadors has not yet taken place.
There may also be a situation where the state recalled its ambassador or sent the ambassador of another country on a temporary basis (without breaking relations).
A Permanent Attorney is a person who receives accreditation with a foreign ministry of the host country. His credentials are signed by the head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in contrast to the ambassador or envoy, whose documents are signed by the head of state. The former are awarded to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and the latter to the head of the host country.
The appointment of charge d'affaires is practiced in those political situations that are characterized by problems in relations between states. For example, when the exchange of ambassadors or meetings at a certain level, which can be interpreted as a gesture of support, is undesirable, which is undesirable at a particular point in time.