The economy of the Russian Federation more and more assumes a market character, which also affects the social sphere. In the harsh conditions of a planned economy, it was not possible to develop specific forms of labor relations. Market reforms have corrected this situation, allowing to highlight new forms and types of employment. Thanks to this, the employment market has become more optimized. The public sector is quite popular among the population. Private, although it occupies a certain niche in the market, however, not to the extent that it suppresses the state. This material will describe the concept and types of employment.
What is included in the concept of employment?
Many definitions describe the concept of “rational employment”. Species are completely dissimilar definitions. But in a broad sense, the essence lies in the complex of certain activities that are of a different nature. These are activities related to organization, finance and law. All of them are aimed at providing the residents of the state with work.
All types of employment in Russia are only legal forms of activity. This also includes species that are characterized by individual security. This is, for example, private enterprise or farming. Also, types of employment are such forms of activity that can be carried out thanks to an existing license from state bodies or private organizations.
What does the concept of employment mean?
Employment is a person’s activity, the purpose of which is to satisfy personal needs (mainly material), that is, generate income. These actions must be consistent with government regulations. According to Russian law, every citizen has the right to dispose of labor resources and creative potential at his own discretion. It is precisely the fulfillment of such requirements that is necessary in order to characterize rational employment. Types of employment, regardless of their characteristics, do not imply any coercive measures. The Constitution of the Russian Federation says that the realization of the right to work should be initiated only by the person himself and carried out by him in free form.
Busy people
The concept of employment and employment (their types) cannot be complete without a description of the circle of persons who are subjects of such relations. The subjects of labor relations are citizens who get a job, as well as employers.
All types of job placement are targeted actions in relation to any subject. A busy person is a person who is a citizen of the Russian Federation who works thanks to the conclusion of an agreement securing labor relations. The list of such persons is quite extensive, and the following categories are included in it:
- People who perform a specific set of activities that have a paid basis. The employee is paid remuneration for the work done, which he performs as part of a full or shortened working day. This may include both permanent service and temporary, seasonal types of employment.
- Persons with the status of private entrepreneurs and engaged in commercial activities.
- Ancillary workers, the essence of which is to sell goods in accordance with the conclusion of supply contracts.
- Persons who have entered into a civil law contract. They are compiled regarding the performance of work or the provision of services. Parties to the contract may be individual entrepreneurs.
- People who have received a position or appointment for which compensation is due.
- Persons involved in law enforcement agencies, such as the fire department, internal affairs agencies, and criminal authorities.
- People in the military or alternative civilian service.
- Students and students of educational institutions, primary, secondary and higher professional institutions.
- Persons who, for certain reasons, cannot carry out their usual labor activities. Among such factors, one can list the lack of ability to work, taking refresher courses, vacation, sick leave, reprofiling, temporary suspension of work of an institution, preparation for service in the armed forces, and more.
- People who are the founders of organizations. The exception to this item is religious, public and charitable organizations, because there are no property rights in relation to such created structures.
How is employment carried out?
All types of employment in Russia have a common essence, which consists in the order consisting of successive steps, which ultimately should lead to a job. In a narrower sense, this definition means the assistance of state bodies to their citizens in the form of vacancies. This includes not only assistance in finding an appropriate job, but also retraining, retraining, and translation. That is, these are those actions that are aimed at the realization by a person of his right to free labor. But at the same time, the law does not prohibit actions to search for a job by a person individually. It follows from this that the types of employment for work on such a classification criterion as a method of implementation are as follows:
- independent;
- through government agencies.
This process plays an important role in public and social life, as it helps a person to exercise their right to get a job. On the part of employers, this is a plus in terms of selecting qualified workers or the necessary strength. Another advantage of employment is a good coefficient of performance, that is, a person with maximum benefit realizes his working time without loss of job search.
How is this process carried out with the help of state bodies?
This process can be carried out using special organs. These mainly include institutions such as employment services. This method of implementing this action is called special. Its distinctive feature is that, in contrast to the independent option, it characterizes only the types of official employment.
Although labor is considered, according to the legislation in the Russian Federation, to be free, tough measures can characterize the implementation of this process with the help of state influence. For example, this may include a set, which is carried out in an organized manner, and the direction of persons to objects. It was more popular during the period of active development of the planned economy and is practically absent in this period of time. This was used to make this sphere more rational and to provide human resources to those regions where they are sorely lacking.
Also, special employment refers to the direction of students who graduate from vocational schools. This is done through the conclusion of an appropriate type of agreement with enterprises and institutions, which involve the hiring of young employees.
Another plus in the implementation of this process with the help of state bodies is that they have the right to subject quotas to jobs. This allows special sections of the population to find jobs.
What categories of citizens are eligible for preferential jobs?
Some sections of the population have the right to social protection in the form of assistance to realize the right to work. The list of such people includes the following categories:
- those with disabilities;
- those who have been in prison;
- those who have not reached the age of eighteen;
- those who have two years to finalize before retiring;
- migrants and refugees;
- single mothers and large families;
- parents raising a disabled child;
- first time job seekers;
- those who graduated from specialized educational institutions.
How is this job placement process for people with disabilities?
The types of employment of people with disabilities are very important in the social sphere, since it is these people who make up a special category of employed people. Quotations apply to vacancies that may allow people with disabilities to work. These individuals cannot be fully active in society. It is a job search that helps people with disabilities regain their place in society, recover morally and become full members of society. Thanks to this process, a person can again feel necessary and important, feel that he is benefiting other people.
Quotation is an officially fixed requirement that applies to all private entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs should allocate a certain share of vacancies for people with a disability group. However, the percentage established by law in Russia is quite low.
How is this process carried out for minors?
The types of employment of minors occupy a separate niche in the employment market. This process is carried out in relation to this category of citizens according to specific rules. In most countries of the world for persons under the age of eighteen, the possibility of obtaining work is regulated by law separately.
According to Russian regulatory legal acts, the opportunity to conclude an agreement with employers appears upon reaching sixteen years of age. But the exception is fifteen-year-olds who have received high school education or are studying according to an individual program. They are allowed to perform simple tasks that do not have a negative impact on health and do not interfere with development and livelihoods. A younger age category can be involved in the work process only as part-time employment. Labor should allow the adolescent to continue learning. But this age category allows this action only with the consent of the parents or guardians.
That is, persons who have not reached the age of majority may be involved in any kind of work, with the exception of gambling type institutions, night clubs. They are forbidden to deal with cigarettes, alcohol and psychotropic substances. They should not be engaged in work that could potentially be harmful to their health. That is, the transfer of loads and loads is limited to a certain weight.
All types of employment related to minors are accompanied by a medical commission, which must make its opinion.
Teenagers cannot be employed at work during the holidays and at night. Excess work is also prohibited for this category. It is not allowed to send them on a business trip.
For such workers, a shorter work week is set. For persons under the age of sixteen, this number is twenty-four hours.For teens between sixteen and eighteen, this time is thirty-five hours a week.
Minor workers have additional guarantees. That is, the employer cannot voluntarily dismiss a teenager. This can only be done with the help of the state labor inspectorate.
An employer hiring a minor must understand that he is obliged to provide annual leave. It should be at least one month old. And financial compensation is laid for him.
Remuneration for work done for adolescents is charged relative to hours worked.
How is this process carried out without a work book?
Types of employment without a work book is a very realistic option in the Russian Federation. This option is within the law. However, a work book is a document that confirms that a person was involved in the work process. It contains complete information about the person, which is necessary for the further implementation of such activities. That is, this is information about the education, the specialty acquired, the dates of hiring and the name of the organization. The document indicates the position and reasons for dismissal.
The employment record confirms the fact of employment. But options are possible when the provision of this document is not necessary. This is quite realistic, but it requires the execution of another document, which is a civil contract. The second way is to work part-time. That is, one main work is framed according to the work book, and the second - by special agreement.
The last device option without this document is all types of employment for hire. That is, it is labor provided by agreement with an individual. If carried out legally, an agreement must be drawn up between the employer and the employee. At the same time, the one who pays for the provision of the service must make contributions to organizations such as the Pension Fund and the Social Insurance Fund.
But more often than not, institutions that do not record in the work book thus try to hide from the law. This is mainly due to the shelter of the current financial situation, that is, non-payment of contributions.
Those who agree to work under such conditions are most often faced with problems such as lack of leave, sick leave and maternity leave. And one cannot be sure of the stability of such work.
An important point is that the contract, which is concluded instead of writing to the work book, is of a civilian nature, not a labor one. The parties to it are the customer and the contractor. Such contracts are of several types:
- author's;
- agent
- to perform contracting work.
All of the above types have common features. For example, they should be in duplicate, fixing the details of the parties, the deadlines and the amount of remuneration.
What types of employment exist?
Types of employment in the Russian Federation are represented by four main categories. The most common is work that has a permanent foundation. It is she who brings a stable income. They prefer it, since this type gives certain social guarantees. A person is protected, both socially and legally. In the event of job loss or unemployment, such a person may claim benefits. A certain percentage of the salary goes to the balance of the Pension Fund, which provides material support in old age. The advantage of this type of employment is also the possibility of obtaining a loan.
The second type is part-time employment. Most often this is a side job that brings a small income. Such employment is common among students.
The third type is work according to the contract.The amount stated in it is fixed and no deductions are made from it. In this case, tax fees must be paid independently.
Types of employment do not necessarily provide for material compensation. An example is volunteering. Although it does not provide any financial benefit, its advantage lies in the acquisition of useful skills and connections.
At the moment, several more types of employment can be distinguished. These include freelance and remote work via the Internet. Professionals in many industries can provide their services to employers from all over the world.