The list of payments, which is mandatory for citizens of the Russian Federation, is steadily increasing. A similar innovation for the residents of apartment buildings was the payment for major repairs. However, legitimate questions arose from those who were forced to reduce their family budget by the amounts presented. They concern a lot, including whether these earmarked contributions are justified.
Background
At the end of 2012, some changes were made to the Housing Code of Russia. These are amendments to the document, which obliged the owners of residential premises to participate in the financing of the overhaul of their home. Within two years, a similar monthly payment was introduced in most regions of the country.
How legitimate is the overhaul fee? This issue was actively discussed in many instances. Even the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Cyril, called on the Moscow City Duma to understand these undertakings. The Constitutional Court also dealt with this issue. However, he did not establish any illegality of this tax. On the contrary, on April 12, 2016, the Constitutional Court ruled that contributions for the major repairs of housing do not at all contradict the basic law of the state.
The need for deductions
If we analyze Russian legislation, we can see that the topic of owners reimbursing overhauls is not new. In the Housing and Civil Codes, it, though not directly, but indirectly, affects the degree of responsibility of the owner regarding the state of housing, and the obligation to maintain it at the proper level. With the introduction of the above amendments, only new perspectives were opened regarding the overhaul of the housing stock. From that moment on, making such contributions became mandatory for everyone. Moreover, the amounts sent became as transparent as possible, as they began to be reflected in payment receipts.
With the adoption of this legislative act, the government reduced expenditures from the state budget for these purposes, and also forced citizens to organize repair work in a timely manner.
Overhaul concept
Until now, many residents of apartment buildings, receiving receipts for utility bills, are perplexed by the column “payment for overhaul”. It is especially difficult to understand the need to make such amounts of money given to those who live in new buildings.
What is a major overhaul? According to the current legislation, it is a set of actions aimed at bringing the housing stock into a condition suitable for living. Overhaul of the building allows decommissioned emergency housing.
There are certain sanitary standards for building structures. According to them, the need for major repairs arises when the wear of the building is 30-70%. This applies to stone-based structures. In wooden houses, according to these sanitary standards, major repairs should be carried out at 60% of their wear. The expiration dates of all structures are set for a period of not less than thirty and not more than eighty years. After this time, the building may be considered emergency.
The need for work
Each apartment building has its own technical passport. It is issued to the building upon its commissioning.This document reflects all the design features that the house possesses, as well as the characteristics of the fasteners and the dates of factory manufacturing of the parts of the structure. Based on the available data, it is possible to calculate the shelf life of each of the components of the structure.
The fact that the building is an emergency can only be recognized by an appropriate examination, based on the mediation of the court. Such a house is subject to either reconstruction (if appropriate) or demolition. At the same time, the state is obliged to issue tenants with a living space of equal size.
The list of work
What is a major overhaul? These are works whose list includes:
- partial or complete restoration of the house, its facades and parts;
- repair of basements with partial replacement of the foundation;
- repair of plumbing equipment;
- roof repair;
- Replacement of electrical systems, including elevators and elevator shafts.
The cost of the overhaul, which is provided for by each of these points, is different, and is calculated according to construction estimates.
Facade restoration
Over time, the implementation of certain work to restore the exterior walls is required even by the most reliable and high-quality buildings. After all, the facade of any apartment building is exposed to weather conditions. The need to maintain in good condition this part of the building is made in cases where the destruction of the outer cladding has occurred by thirty percent or more.
What is a facade overhaul? This is the removal of the previous layer and the application of a new coating on the walls. In addition, the overhaul of the building from its outside is the following activities:
- replacement of double-glazed windows of balconies and windows;
- insulation and subsequent decorative wall decoration;
- restoration of visors located above balconies and entrances to the building;
- Exterior decoration and insulation of balconies and loggias;
- Strengthening walls in elevator shafts;
- update blind areas;
- replacement of fire ladders;
- repair of gutters and other communications.
Overhaul of the exterior of the building is conditionally divided into three major stages. The first of these is preparation. It includes the complete removal of old coatings, the elimination of fungal formations and other contaminants, the removal of cracks with the processing of joints, as well as the plastering of the facade.
At the second stage, finishing is done. It includes the application of a new coating layer, stone, ceramic tile, paint or other decorative material. At the same time, the architectural details on the facade should be restored.
At the third stage, various functional elements are replaced. They are visors, decorative stained-glass windows, gutters and other parts of the facade.
Foundation restoration
These works may include soil reinforcement at the base of the house. They are also carried out to repair the coating and gluing insulation of the foundation blocks, as well as to eliminate the local deformations and defects.
Engineering Communications Update
When the building is undergoing major repairs, this stage is one of the most difficult. After all, he requires considerable skill from performers. The mistake made during the design and further installation of engineering systems often results not only in the inconvenience of their operation, but also in the costs of re-conducting the work.
At this stage, overhaul facilities undergo repair or replacement of old wiring. Water and heat supply systems are also being updated. The dismantling of old pipes is being carried out, in place of which new pipes are installed, made of the most modern materials. It can be polypropylene or metal-plastic pipes. They are quite simple to install and reliable in operation. Replacing radiators in common areas.
In addition, the engineering communications of the building include air conditioning and ventilation systems. During major repairs of the house, they are replaced or reconstructed with the implementation of control tests and commissioning.
What is an overhaul of utilities? These are works, including:
- in the water supply system: replacement of risers and branches from them to the first tap, replacement of equipment and equipment of the fire water supply system, replacement of equipment of pumping units and distribution pipelines in the technical underground;
- in the drainage system: replacement of the outlet pipes and risers, branches to the first connections, etc .;
- in the heating system: replacement of risers to the tap and radiator registers in places intended for general use, shutoff valves, all heating systems, heat exchanger and equipment, if there are individual heating units.
In addition, the overhaul fund of apartment buildings provides for the use of the necessary amounts to replace:
- input distribution devices;
- floor switchboards;
- electrical equipment and power supply networks for elevators;
- a network designed for outdoor lighting.
Overhaul of premises designed to accommodate elevator equipment is also included in the list of activities. It includes work to bring the internal walls to normal condition, as well as the construction of elevator shaft devices and engine rooms.
Roof repair
This type of work can be both current and capital. Relating it to one or another category directly depends on how much the covering layer of the roof has become unusable. If this happened on an area of at least 40%, capital work would be required. Only a specialist can assess this condition, who performs not only a thorough inspection of the roof covering material, but also the entire “pie” of the layers lying on it. When determining a sufficiently large number of flaws, overhaul of the roof is carried out.
The roof crowns any building. At the same time, its main function is to maintain the durability and safety of the structures of the house, its floors and walls.
Overhaul of the premises will need to be carried out much more often if the roof is in a condition requiring the replacement of its covering material.
All roofing works are carried out, as a rule, in the warm and dry season. The only exceptions are emergency situations. With planned cover layer replacements, an overhaul schedule is drawn up. This allows you to strictly monitor all the necessary terms, which will depend on the amount of work. In addition, such a schedule, as well as a project and a compiled flow chart, will avoid soaking a large part of the roof, since according to these documents the sequence of operations and their maximum combination will be observed.
Overhaul of the roof includes:
- replacement of coatings with a simultaneous adjacency device;
- bringing to a normal state the structures of the pitched roof, providing for full or partial replacement of the rafter system;
- bio and fire protection of wooden parts;
- device of cement-sand screed;
- replacement of insulation laid in the attic;
- installation of new caps on the heads of ventilation and chimneys;
- replacement of roof exits, doors and hatches, etc.
Living spaces
What is included in the overhaul of a municipal apartment? The fact is that the list of works that are carried out in the building includes only those that relate to common house property. This suggests that everything located in the apartment of residents is only their property. So, when changing the water risers, they change only to the valve. Further, all communications are considered the property of the tenants and are repaired only at the expense of their personal funds.But it is worth keeping in mind that, according to the cost estimate, window double-glazed windows are subject to replacement. These works contribute to the reconstruction of the facades, while increasing the comfortable conditions in the apartments.
Where is the payment made?
Which fund of capital repairs of apartment buildings owners will allocate money to, is decided at a general meeting of residents. However, the Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation recommends that everyone open a special account that will belong to a particular house. Only in this case, tenants will be able to control the collection and expenditure of their funds. However, sometimes the owners of apartments can not get together to resolve this issue. In such cases, the entire organizational part of the state will take over. The money will be transferred to the account of the operator responsible for the repair of houses in a particular region.
However, you can always change your mind and make a different decision. Residents of the house at any time can start opening their own special account, and all money already transferred to it will be transferred without fail.
Who is the payer?
Money to the capital repair fund should be paid by all owners of residential and non-residential premises in an apartment building. Moreover, this listing does not depend on what year the building was erected. Invoices for payment are received by both residents of pre-revolutionary houses and those who have settled in a new building.
Only owners of apartments located in emergency buildings and those that are undergoing reconstruction or demolition are exempted from such contributions. No need to give money to those who live according to the social contract of employment.
As for the size of such a board, it is set by regional authorities. In St. Petersburg, for example, monthly contributions amount to 2.5 rubles. for one square meter. In Sochi, this size is 5.3 rubles. The authorities of Murmansk set a payment of 6 rubles. In this case, the amount, by decision of the authorities, may undergo annual changes. In addition, the amount of contributions for overhaul may increase based on the type of house and the year of its construction. So, in panel houses equipped with an elevator, the overhaul fee is higher than in brick buildings without an elevator.
There are some categories of citizens who have benefits for deductions for overhaul. They coincide with those who pay less for housing services. From 01.01.2016, they were also joined by lonely elderly people, as well as disabled people and citizens over 80 years of age living in families, all of whose members are non-working pensioners. Subsidies from the state are allowed to receive low-income citizens.
Will the money go as intended?
It should be clear to homeowners that their house does not end at all with an apartment door. It includes a roof, a porch, and various technical rooms. All this is a common property, which periodically requires bringing it into the state necessary for normal operation.
In addition to the residents, the financial side of the overhaul is controlled by the Treasury and the State Housing Inspectorate, the regional Audit Chamber and the prosecutor's office. Each year, such accounts are subject to audit, the results of which can be seen in the media or on the Internet. When creating a special house account, funds on it will be additionally controlled by the bank. In addition, in each of the regions there are approved marginal costs relating to capital works. They will eliminate the abuse of this account and will not make the roof or facade unexpectedly "gold".
Extreme situations
It should be borne in mind that there is a capital repair plan. However, sometimes accidents occur, which are difficult to predict. Sometimes, emergency situations of a natural or man-made character can lead to the destruction of a house. Most of them are the reason that the building requires unscheduled major repairs.
How is the issue resolved in this case? In such situations, overhaul is not included in the plan for the implementation of the general regional program. It is carried out without using a similar procedure and only to the extent that is required to eliminate the consequences of the accident.
Such repairs are made using funds in the account of the regional operator. This is determined by Article 185 of the LCD of Russia.