Many novice farmers are asked the following questions: "How to organize a subsidiary farm? How to open a peasant (farm) economy? What is their difference? ”
Subsidiary (personal) farming is a non-entrepreneurial form of conducting agricultural activities to meet their needs with products produced on their own site.
A farm is a commercial organization whose purpose is the production of agricultural products and their further sale for profit. An enterprise is called a farm, provided that the profit from the sale of agricultural products is at least 70% of the total income of the farm.
Differences of peasant farms and private household plots
- The peasant farm must be registered with the tax authorities, while the subsidiary farm is not subject to registration.
- The owner of the farm is required to submit reports to the tax authorities, and the owner of the subsidiary does not have such duties.
- The KFH pays contributions to extrabudgetary funds for its employees, while the subsidiary farm has the right to decide for itself whether to enter into legal relations for pension insurance or not.
- The land plot of private household plots is limited to 2.5 hectares, but not for the farm.
- Beginning peasant farms can receive material assistance from the state, while it is not provided to LPH.
After weighing all the pros and cons, they are mostly inclined towards farming. To understand how to open a farm, you should carefully study the rules for keeping animals and draw up a number of necessary documents.
Material base
An important component of a business plan is the amount of initial financial investments, which depends on several components:
- From the land. You can use your own or rent.
- From the costs of the purchase of livestock, seeds, seedlings.
- From the costs of introducing modern technology.
How to open a farm and where to get money for it?
A farm can be organized as a group of people who own common property, or one person. In the second case, registration of a legal entity is not required.
Today, the government is stimulating the development of agriculture through various programs and benefits aimed at supporting the industry. These programs involve the issuance by the state of loans for the development of a farm with a reduced interest rate.
Most programs provide for the payment of interest on a loan from the second year. If necessary, you can contact credit organizations for subsidies, after providing information on the financial condition and development plan of your farm. In some cases, the application of the governor or the head of the district may be necessary.
Market analysis
Before creating production, you should study the market and analyze the activities of competitors, take into account the purchasing abilities of potential consumers of your products, and find distribution channels.
Product sales
It is sometimes more difficult to sell products than to produce them. Be sure to find trade and processing organizations with which you will cooperate. It should be remembered that pricing in the agricultural market depends on the volume of imported goods. Oversaturation of the market often leads to the fact that farmers are forced to sell goods below cost.And it’s not so important if you have a business on poultry or on fruits and vegetables. This rule applies to all types of products.
Specialization of the economy
The development strategy should be built on the basis of financial capabilities. Serious large farms engaged in the production of various products are resistant to changes in market prices.
They bring a steady income and quickly pay off. The creation of a large farm requires appropriate investment and a long period for the preparation of all necessary documents.
Organization of a narrowly focused economy will cost an order of magnitude cheaper. After some time, it can be expanded and turned into a large enterprise. This option is optimal for beginners in this field of activity.
Before you open a farm, you should choose a specific area of activity. There are several of them:
- animal husbandry;
- beekeeping;
- plant growing.
Poultry breeding business
Poultry farming as one of the branches of livestock breeding is very popular both in the farm and in the farm. It implies the sale of meat products, food eggs, fluff, feathers. Even litter is used as a valuable organic fertilizer.
The main source of poultry meat production is meat breeding. Food eggs are mainly obtained from egg breeds (Russian white chickens).
Poultry Organization
First of all, you need to decide on the room, the approximate dimensions of which should be 700-1000 sq.m.
Near the poultry farm there must be a pasture and a reservoir (water supply). The dimensions of the premises and the site as a whole should be selected in accordance with the estimated volumes of production.
Renting a room of this size is 150-200 thousand rubles a month, and buying from - 1.5 to 5.5 million. This is a big expense, so it’s easier to open a poultry farm to a person who owns his land and building.
On the site you need to build houses, the internal area of which is calculated as follows: 1 sq.m. 3-4 adult birds or 11-12 young birds. Indoors, nests, feeders and drinking bowls should be located. It is important to maintain the optimum temperature in the range of 25-27 degrees.
To prevent diseases of chickens, it is necessary to regularly clean the premises: clean from litter, wash floors, nests. To minimize the introduction of microbes, lanes with a disinfectant solution are placed at the entrance to the house.
Livestock purchase
Before purchasing, you should decide on the purpose of breeding and the type of bird. The most common are chickens, geese, ducks. They are divided into meat, meat-egg and egg breeds.
Among egg breeds, Russian white chickens are most popular, broiler, white plymouthrock, dorking in meat chickens, Poltava, Sussex, and Rhode Island in meat and egg chickens.
The most common breed of ducks is Peking, as it gains weight faster than others. Black white-chested, gray and clay rocks are also bred.
Geese are divided into light (Kuban, Chinese, Gorky), medium (Shadrinsk, Rivne, Tula, Arzamas, Italian) and heavy breeds (Toulouse, large gray, Kholmogorsk, Emzem).
For a profitable business, about 800 birds should be purchased. The cost of young animals will depend on its age and type:
- broilers - 65-220 p., laying hens - 180-200 p.;
- geese - 100-370 p.;
- ducks - 70-140 p.
Fertility and Weight Gain
Egg breeds of chickens in the first year give 220-300 eggs, in the future - 15% less. The weight of an adult chicken is 1.8-2 kg. Chicken eggs are in stable demand; problems with their sale usually do not arise.
Ducks bring 160-190 food eggs per year. For 50 days, the weight of the bird reaches 2-2.2 kg. By autumn, an adult duck with a brood can produce 100-120 kg of meat.
In geese, unlike other bird species, egg production after the first year increases. They bring 15 to 80 eggs per breeding season. The weight of one bird reaches 5-6 kg, while from one carcass you can get about 0.5 kg of fluff.
Cost of equipment
To organize a poultry farm, certain equipment will be required:
- feeders (80-500 rubles);
- drinking bowls (200 rubles);
- incubators (automatic - 6,000-7,000 rubles, normal - 1,500-4,500 rubles)
- temperature regulator (500 rubles);
- fans (500 rubles / piece);
- feathering machines for geese, chickens, ducks (from 7,000 rubles);
- tapes for collecting eggs (100 rubles / m);
- tapes for litter removal (250 rubles / sq. meter);
- tables for cutting birds (10 000-30 000 rubles);
- freezers (from 100 000 rubles).
Feed Costs:
- feed mixture - 4 000-5 000 rubles / ton;
- wheat 4,500-10,000 rubles;
- rye - 4,000-6,000 rubles;
- barley - 7,000-10,000 rubles;
- corn - 6 000-9 000 rubles;
- millet - 5,000 rubles.
Staff
To care for the household you need to hire at least three people. They will monitor the bird, engage in slaughter and butchering. The salary of three workers will be about 50,000 rubles.
So, almost all the nuances of the question of how to open a farm are described. The following are the costs and revenues from such production.
Investment and profit
Taking into account the rental of premises with a small plot, equipment and the purchase of feed for 800 animals, the initial costs will be about 500,000 rubles.
Monthly costs (feed, salaries) - about 80,000. Business will pay off in 6 months.
Prices for poultry meat: chicken - 60-90 rubles / kg, duck - 150 rubles / kg, goose - 200-300 rubles / kg. Chicken eggs are sold for about 25 rubles / dozen.
The price of goose down is about 1,200 rubles / kg. Income from poultry will come in 6 months, since it takes time to breed and grow it.
