International law provides for a large number of types of official papers. One of them is called a convention.
The Convention is an international treaty on a specific issue, binding on states that have acceded to or signed it. It is recognized and signed by several states at the same time. Consequently, the observance of certain rules and agreements on the scale of many states at once is ensured.
The Convention is a source of international law.
Agreement Examples
Depending on the meaning and topic, the convention can be attributed to different areas:
- political relations;
- legal relationship;
- socio-economic relations, etc.
The most common international conventions on the following issues:
- international humanitarian law (Geneva);
- refugee status;
- elimination of racial discrimination;
- diplomatic relations (Vienna);
- international treaties (Vienna);
- Human Rights (European);
- about customs, etc.
However, the International Convention on the Rights of the Child, which was signed on 11/20/1989, is considered much more often than the rest in the media. This title document governs the rights of persons aged 0 to 18 years in countries that have signed the obligation (at the present stage, more than 150 states, including Russia). The Convention on the Rights of the Child includes 54 articles. The next most popular are International Customs Conventions.
Sources of law
Each type of law has its source. The last may be a treaty and custom of interethnic significance. However, there are also such as documents of interstate organizations, acts of conferences and meetings at the international level. But they can be a source of international law only when they determine binding norms for interstate organizations and other subjects of similar legislation. Additionally, in international law, there is the idea of the so-called soft law, including documents with a recommendatory nature or program requirements of interstate bodies and organizations, for example, a resolution of the UN General Assembly, etc.
Article 38 of the Constitution International Court of Justice The UN offers a specific list of sources. They are guided by the court in resolving various contentious issues. The list is as follows:
- international conventions;
- interethnic custom;
- general principles of law, recognized by civilized nations;
- court verdict;
- doctrines of international experts used as additional methods for determining the rule of law.
About diplomatic relations
The 1961 Vienna Convention is an agreement on diplomatic relations that codifies the rules of law for the activities of diplomatic missions. 04/18/61 she was signed. As of January 1, 1970, one hundred and five countries are participating parties (including the Soviet Union). She defines:
- order of diplomatic relations;
- diplomatic institutions;
- their functions;
- rules for the appointment and recall of the head of the diplomatic mission and staff of these institutions.
The Convention defines the privileges and protection of the diplomatic mission as a whole and of each individual. Key privileges include:
- the inviolability of the premises;
- freedom of relationship with one’s country;
- diplomatic immunity and more.
The staff and their families also have the right to immunity both in relation to the person and their housing, protection from the jurisdiction of the country where they are staying.The staff has the right to use the protection of actions that are performed at the time they perform official duties, and is exempt from payroll tax.
The Convention entered into force for the Soviet Union on 04.24.1964.
About civil liability
The Vienna Convention 1963 is a civil liability agreement for damage. She was accepted at the international conference of diplomats (April 29-19-19, 1963). The text and protocol regarding the settlement of contradictions were signed on 05.21.1963. On October 1, 69, only eight states approved it. The Soviet Union signed the final act.
Due to the fact that nuclear industrial facilities are a source with increased danger, the agreement assumes full responsibility for nuclear damage. There is only one exception: the owner of the object is exempted from compensation for damage when there was a natural disaster or the special nature of the incident (military operations, etc.).
In case of nuclear damage, claims for compensation shall be considered only in the state within which the nuclear case took place.
About consular relations
The Vienna Convention of 1963 is an agreement on consular relations, which determines the order of such relations and the protection of their institutions, as well as the tasks, benefits and protection of the latter. It was signed on April 24, 1963, and entered into force on March 19, 1967. He establishes the classes of heads of consular offices; rules for their appointment and admission to the performance of duties in the country where they reside, as well as rules for the selection of personnel As of January 1, 1970, sixty-five states were parties to this convention. In accordance with it, the consular post is granted certain advantages, privileges and protections. Exceptions are natural disasters, then local authorities may enter the premises. 
The consular person is endowed with personal inviolability, however, they may be detained or arrested by a court verdict when they have committed a crime; the staff is provided with protection from the jurisdiction of the judicial and administrative authorities at the time of performing their functions, is exempted from registration as a foreigner, obtaining residence and work permits, and also from paying taxes. The consular person has the right to freely have relations with his citizens who are in this country, and local authorities are obliged to notify them of their arrest, consuls can correspond with them and pay a visit in accordance with local laws. The Convention also defines the rights and duties of honorary consuls.
About road safety
The Vienna Convention on Road Traffic is an international treaty signed to enhance the safety of traffic by standardizing traffic rules. It arose at a UNESCO conference from 7.10 to 11.11.1968 in Vienna. Together with him, a convention on road signs and signals was approved. Later, on May 1, 71, the agreement was supplemented at a regular meeting in Geneva.
The countries that have approved this agreement recognize the driver’s license of the Russian Federation, which makes it possible to leave these and not to acquire international ones. March 28, 2006 the form of certification, which is recognized in other states, has changed. The participating States were given a five-year period to bring their certificates in line with the new format. The driver's license, which was issued in the Russian Federation from 01.03.2011, corresponds to the new rules. Previously obtained plastic certificates are also valid until the expiration date.
About the norm of international treaties
The 1969 International Convention in Vienna is an agreement that codifies the rules of international treaties. It entered into force in 1980 and has more than 110 participating countries. This agreement establishes the rules for the drafting, existence and termination of international treaties between countries.Additionally, it says that it can be applied to every treaty that is a constituent act of an international organization and which is adopted within the framework of an international organization.
The agreement defines the following requirements:
- the procedure for drawing up and entry into force of contracts;
- their significance for third countries;
- rules for amendments and changes;
- conditions implying the loss of force of the contract in case it is contrary to international law;
- invalidity conditions;
- resolution of disputes in the event of a breakdown of an agreement by one party, etc.
The Russian Federation is a party to the Vienna Convention of 1969.
International Convention on the Rights of the Child
The most popular discussions in society are the International Conventions on the Rights of the Child, which oblige the states that have approved them to take all measures regarding the provision and protection of the powers of persons under the age of 18. This document is called the global constitution for children's rights. The international legal convention contains a section that defines how states should implement measures to respect the rights of young citizens. It is based on a new statement of the position of the child in society as an equal participant.
The text can be divided into three parts: 1-41 - the main ones, establish the powers of the child and the obligations of the participating countries, Article 42–45 - monitoring the implementation of the Convention, Articles 46-54 - minor conditions that govern the entry into force of the Convention.
Its basis is three fundamental rights:
- Protection.
- Security.
- Participation.
An important aspect of this document is the definition of a child as a human being under the age of eighteen. Children of any race, gender, language, color, political or other views, property status, physical condition, their parents or guardians have the same rights as everyone else, namely: health, education, good nutrition, priority attention to the physical and mental development.
There are nine main international conventions in the field of human rights, and each of them has been approved by a certain committee of experts who monitor compliance with the requirements of the treaties by the participating countries. Some of them are supplemented by optional protocols that deal with specific problems.
