90 accounting account accounting is intended to collect information on the items of income and expenses of the enterprise associated with its main activity. According to the results of the month, according to debit and credit turnover, the final result from sales is determined on this account - profit or loss - the value of which is important for the effective work of the company. Consider the structure and characteristics of the account 90 and the key points for its use in accounting data.
Why do I need a 90th account?
No matter what type of economic activity - production, agriculture or trade - brings profit to the enterprise, the amounts that form it are recorded on account 90 - “Sales”. This is a very voluminous account with many items of costs and revenues, which are recorded on separate analytical accounts.
The main function of the account is the primary collection of data on the totality of costs and benefits that accompanies the production and implementation process. Without the existence of this kind of information collection, it would be difficult for an enterprise to figure out where it comes from. Due to the generalization of data and their grouping on account 90, an intermediate sales result is formed on a monthly basis - profit or loss, which at the end of the year is converted into the total reflected in the financial statements.
Structure
90 the account of the account reflects both expenses incurred as a result of sales, and the amount of revenue. What is the structure bills? Score in relation to the balance of active-passive. The loan reflects the increase in income, and the debit - expenses. It turns out that credit turnover shows the total amount of funds received from the sale of products (services or works), and debit, on the contrary, the totality of costs incurred for the manufacturing and sale process.
Does the account have a final balance on the reporting number? If this were the account of the final economic result, then, of course, it would have final value. But in this case we will talk about the opposite. 90 accounting account - a method of intermediate monthly collection and control of income and expenses. Data carefully accumulated on it during the month is debited to the account of the final financial result - 99. From which we can conclude: cf. “Sales” at the end of the month has no balance.
Subaccounts 90 accounts
Implementation is a complex process, associated with many separate concepts and categories of tools. In addition, the company is engaged in the sale of more than one item of goods. All this leads to the need for more detailed accounting - analytical. The standard chart of accounts provides for the following sub-accounts opened for account 90:
- 90/1 - to account for assets received as revenue;
- 90/2 - to reflect the cost of goods sold (works, services) for which revenue was recognized at 90/01;
- 90/3 - to account for the amount of VAT that will have to come from the buyer;
- 90/4 - to reflect the amount of excise taxes that were included in the value of excisable goods;
- 90/5 - to collect information on the amount of export duties;
- 90/6 - for accounting general business expenses those organizations in whose accounting policies it is indicated to write off expenses of this type to account 90;
- 90/7 - selling expenses (for trade enterprises);
- 90/9 - for the formation and reflection of the final result from the sale of goods, works or services for the month in question - profit or loss.
The rules of conducting analytical accounting are always reduced primarily to the accounting policies of a particular enterprise.The proposed sub-account numbers are conditional and may be changed in accordance with the requirements of the organization for accounting.
In addition, analytical accounting should be maintained for each group of goods sold, as well as for individual sales regions or other structural units.
Organization of analytical accounting 90
Subaccounts 90 accounts are filled with information during the year. If the synthetic account 90 itself does not have a final balance at the end of the month, then the balances are formed on sub-accounts:
- subch 90.01 has only a credit balance;
- on subch. 90.02–90.07 a debit balance is formed;
- 90.09 subacc. it has either a debit or a credit balance, depending on the financial result formed during the month.
Each month, the accountant compares the credit turnover of account 90.01 and the aggregate debit turnover accounts 90.02–90.07. Based on the results, we can talk about the formation of profit or loss. Corresponding turnovers are debited from all sub-accounts 90.01–90.07 to debit 90.09 if a loss is formed at the end of the month, and a profit of 90.09 on credit
At the end of the year, all sub-accounts of 90 accounts (except 90.09) are subject to closure by writing off their turnover to 90.09. This method of organizing accounting is very convenient, because the data for each subaccount correspond to the columns of the “Profit and Loss Statement” for all items of income and expenses of the enterprise for the main type of activity.
Reflection of revenue on account 90
What is revenue? This is the amount of funds due to the organization from buyers or customers of its works (services) for products sold or services (works) performed. Upon receipt of funds of this kind, they should be reflected in the credit of subaccount 90.01. It should be remembered that on this account information is collected on income only from the main activity. If receipts have occurred as a result of other operations, they are taken into account on account 91.01. How to determine the main activity? Usually these items are indicated in accounting policies enterprises in the relevant section.
If the charter of the organization says that a legal entity carries out any activity that is not prohibited by applicable law, then those amounts that are received regularly and their amount exceeds 5% of the total revenue received during the reporting period are recognized as the main income.
Postings on account 90.01
The reflection in the accounting of the proceeds is accompanied by the compilation of entries. In subaccount 90.01, the receipt of funds is shown in the credit of the account. The operation must be carried out immediately after the buyer has passed the ownership of the sold product or the services (work) rendered by the customer have been accepted. Usually this right arises when goods are shipped or when the results of the work are transferred to the customer.
Accounting entries characterizing the recognition by the enterprise of the revenue received are compiled as follows:
- dt 62 kt 90.01 in the amount of received funds;
- if the buyer uses a deferred payment, the amount of each day of delay (calculated as a percentage of the delivery amount) is also reflected in the company's revenue account: Dt 62 Kt 90.01.
At the end of the month, information on the accumulated amount of revenue from the main type of activity is written off to the credit of account 90.09, additionally reflecting the data in the balance sheet.
Recognition of revenue in other cases
It is not always the case that the buyer settles with the seller in the usual manner. How to take into account revenue with other payment methods that are established by the contract of delivery (provision of services or performance of work)? Consider some non-standard cases in which the ownership of the goods passes a little later than the shipment:
- In an agreement according to which ownership passes after payment for the goods (work, services), revenue is reflected only after receiving funds from the buyer. Until payment, such goods are listed on account 45.In this case, accounting entries are prepared in two stages: Dt "Shipped goods" Kt "Goods", Dt 62 Kt 90.01.
- In a barter transaction, ownership in general cases transfers only after both parties have transferred the objects of the contract to each other. Until this moment, accounting of the amounts based on the market value of the object of exchange is made on account 45.
- When settlements in foreign currency, additional entries are made that adjust the amount of payment in case of exchange differences. The accountant in the debit of account 90 (subaccount 90.01) reflects the amount of revenue after shipment of the goods at the rate established on the current date. After the buyer pays for the delivery, in case of exchange differences, the amount of debt must be adjusted.
The procedure for compiling accounting entries characterizing the revenue recognition process does not change depending on the situation. This is always a record: Dt 62 Kt 90.01. We can’t just forget that the right to recognize revenue in accounting is granted only after the transfer of ownership of the goods (results of work, services) to the buyer.
Write-off of production costs
The process of revenue recognition is accompanied by a write-off of the cost of production for the financial result, i.e., to 90 of the accounting account. The article conditionally adopted for the sub-account of the cost of production code 90.02. Here, information is collected on production and sales costs for those categories of goods (works, services) that were recorded on account 90.01. Account 90.2 mainly corresponds to accounts 20, 43, 45. Postings when writing off costs are as follows: Dt 90.02 Ct 20, 43, 45.
Tax Reflection
The next step after the recognition of revenue and write-off of cost is the accrual of appropriate taxes, the amount of which is included in the cost of goods sold (VAT, excise taxes). Postings make up after the transfer of ownership of the goods to the buyer. The calculation of VAT is carried out by posting: Dt 90.03 Ct 68 “VAT”.
Excises are reflected in a similar manner on the corresponding subaccount: Dt 90.04 Ct 68 “Excises”. A feature of accounting for excise taxes is that they must be accrued on the day the goods are transferred to the buyer, regardless of when the right of ownership passes to him.
Calculation of the results of the enterprise
At the end of each month, it is necessary to calculate the result of the enterprise. It is carried out very simply: credit turnovers in the middle. 90.01 is compared with the sum of debit revs. 90.02–90.07. With a positive difference, they talk about the formation of profit, with a negative difference - loss. An example of account assignments when determining a financial result is shown in the table:
| Dt | Ct | Description of the business transaction |
| 90.01 | 90.09 | Written off revenue for the reporting month |
| 90.09 | 90.02 | Closed the amount of cost of sales |
| 90.09 | 90.03 | Amounts of VAT written off to financial result |
| 90.09 | 90.04 | Excise amount closed |
| 90.09 | 99 | Reflected profit for the reporting month |
| 99 | 90.09 | Reflected loss from sales for the reporting month |
It turns out that each of the sub-accounts (except 90.09) is sequentially closed by writing off the amounts to 90.09. After that, the final value formed on it is attributed to account 99 (in debit - loss, on credit - profit).
All subaccounts of the synthetic account 90 during the year have balances, which increase every month. But the formation of a balance of 90 accounts is impossible and wrong according to the PBU and the standard chart of accounts.
How to close account 90 at the end of the year?
After calculating the financial result for December, sub-accounts of 90 accounts are subject to closure. Postings are made in the same way as when debiting amounts at the end of any other month: Dt 90.01 Ct 90.09, Dt 90.09 Ct 90.02–90.07. As a result of the entries made, account 90 closes: the debit and credit turnover for each of the subaccounts are equal, and the final balance is equal to zero. At the beginning of next year, the accountant will re-open the synthetic account and each of the sub-accounts of its components.
Account 90 from month to month accumulates information on the income and expenses of the enterprise, which relate to its main activity. Their detailed distribution according to the corresponding sub-accounts facilitates the process of preparing financial statements and analyzing the results.
