The development of any society directly depends on the activities of its members in any of the areas - economic, social, cultural, spiritual, domestic, scientific, political, industrial or others. Depending on which industry people belong to, they are in a relationship with each other, being within the framework of their social space.
As a result of this interaction, the social sphere of society is formed. In the past, each layer of it was fenced off from others by its traditions, rules or rights. For example, to get into the noble strata of society previously was possible only by birthright.
Social system
Each society develops according to systems peculiar directly to it. It consists not only of social actors, but also contains all forms of human life. Society is a very complex organization, which includes numerous subsystems, which together represent the areas of social activity of its members.
When stable relations are established between its subjects, social life is formed, which includes:
- numerous types of human activity (religious, educational, political and others);
- social institutions, for example, parties, schools, churches, families, etc .;
- different directions of communication between people, for example, in the economic, political or other fields;
A modern person can be in different social areas at the same time and in contact with other people by any side of life.
For example, a waiter (low social level) in an expensive restaurant is associated with representatives of a noble elite, serving them at the table.
Spheres of public life
There are many types of human activity, but all of them can be conditionally divided into 4 main categories:
- the social sphere relates to the relationships between different sectors of society;
- economic - related to actions related to wealth;
- the political sphere is characterized by movements of various classes within the framework of their civil rights and preferences;
- spiritual consists of the relationship of people to various types of material, intellectual, religious and moral values.
Each of these categories is divided into its own fields, in each of which human activity takes place, limited by its scope. In modern society, there are no sharp boundaries between different social areas, so the same individual can be located in several of them at once.
For example, in times of slavery or serfdom, these facets existed, and what the lord could do was not allowed to stink. Today, a person can work in different areas, adhere to certain political views, choose a religion and have a conflicting opinion about material wealth.
Economic area of public activity
The socio-economic sphere is engaged in the production, exchange, distribution and consumption of various material goods. At the same time, human activity is aimed at implementing scientific and technological achievements through inter-production relations of people, the exchange of experience and information, and the redistribution of values.
This area is the space within which the economic life of society is formed, based on the interaction of all sectors of both the domestic and international economies. In this area, both the individual's material interest in the results of his work and his creative abilities under the leadership of management institutions are realized.
Without this sphere, no country can develop. As the economy collapses, other areas of social life begin to collapse.
Political sphere
In any society, at whatever stage of development it is, there are political confrontations. They are the result of the fact that various parties, social groups and national communities strive to occupy the leading stage in the political ladder.
Each individual individually seeks to influence the processes that take place in the country. In order to be able to do this, they unite in parties that correspond to their civic position and embody their political will.
This sphere of public life plays an important role in the formation of healthy competition between different parties, and thereby affects the democratic development of countries where people openly express their opinions.
The field of spiritual activity
The spiritual sphere is the attitude of people in society to those values that are created, spread and assimilated by all its members. These include not only material objects (painting, sculpture, architecture, literature), but also intellectual ones (music, scientific achievements, human knowledge and moral standards).
The spiritual sphere accompanied man along the entire path of development of civilizations and manifested itself in art, education, religions, and much more.
Man in the structure of society
The social sphere is an area of mutual relations between people belonging to various class and national groups. Their integrity is determined by demographic (old people, youth), professional (doctors, lawyers, teachers, etc.) and other features whose social security should be respected taking into account the rights of all members of society.
The main direction in this area is the creation of optimal living conditions for each person, his health, education, work and social justice for all segments of the population, no matter what class division exists in the country.
Depending on how satisfied the needs of each individual individually, as well as families, national minorities, religious and workers groups, we can judge the welfare of society as a whole.
The main items of expenditure in the social sphere
The budget of any country consists of many articles governing where taxpayers' money is directed and how it is distributed, but only in highly developed societies most of these funds go to social programs.
The main items of expenditure that should be budgeted are:
- healthcare
- education;
- culture
- housing and communal facilities;
- social programs to protect the rights and ensure citizens.
With the advent of the first communities, and later states, primitive systems were formed to protect and support the poor.
For example, in some countries of antiquity it was customary to give part of the crop or produced goods to the general treasury. These funds were distributed among the poor in difficult times, for example, in lean years or during the war.
Social models of the world
Depending on how much the state has or does not have an impact on the distribution of benefits in all sectors of society, it is divided into several models:
- A paternalistic system in which the population is completely dependent on the state and submits to its will. The social sphere of people's lives in such a country can be extremely low (Cuba, Russia, North Korea and others), and people are perceived as “cogs” in the system that can be punished, destroyed, encouraged. In this model of society, the population completely transfers responsibility for their lives to the government.
- The Swedish model is considered one of the most progressive in the world, since the economy in it is 95% built on private capital, but the social sphere is completely controlled by the state, which allocates most of the budget to health care, education and social programs. In Sweden, not only schools and higher educational institutions are free, but also medicine for children and youth under the age of 21. Therefore, in this country one of the highest taxes in the world (60%) and the best quality of life.
- Socially-minded models are characterized by a rather large state influence on the support and regulation of social programs. In such countries, they create special conditions for conducting small and medium-sized businesses, introduce tax incentives for entrepreneurs, since the main direction of development of such a model is to encourage people to take the initiative to improve the quality of life in their own hands. A striking example of such societies are Germany, Austria, France, Italy, Spain and Portugal.
The development of the social sphere in any of these models is directly dependent on the structure and state of the economy that exist in the country.
Cultural sphere
Depending on what stage of development the socio-cultural sphere of the country is in, one can generally judge the welfare of its citizens. It is in this area that all sectors important for the quality of life of people are located:
- healthcare - the number of free hospitals and clinics compared to paid medical care and its quality;
- culture - a visit to objects with objects of the heritage of the people should be accessible to all segments of the population. It is also important to protect the intellectual property of cultural figures and a decent payment for their work and creativity;
- education - the accessibility and level of free school and higher education for all segments of the population;
- sport and physical education is a cultural field whose main task is to maintain health and beauty, increase the life expectancy of the population;
- social security - these are programs aimed at helping poor people or large families.
If in domestic politics state, both cultural and social sphere occupy a leading place, its population is flourishing.
The purpose of social activity
Management of the social sphere is carried out by institutions of power and institutions located in their departments. Objects that control the organization and implementation of programs necessary to improve the quality of life of members of society are divided into regional, regional or local.
The purpose of the social activities of these institutions:
- protecting the health and life of people;
- providing them with housing;
- equal rights for all to education and work;
- provision after a person retires;
- the right to self-expression and creative development.
The economy of the social sphere directly depends on how the distribution of goods and services by various governing bodies is carried out. In developed countries, the state is engaged in this, tracking the standard of living of all segments of the population.
Purpose of social activity
The social sphere for its intended purpose is:
- in development human resources;
- public services at the household, commercial, housing and other levels;
- social protection according to the system of providing financial assistance, insurance, ensuring working and living conditions.
Particular attention and support should be given to those authorities and organizations that are engaged in the distribution of social benefits in society.
