Inclusive education is an advanced educational system that is needed for children with certain developmental and health features. According to her, children are healthy and with disabilities study together. Inclusive education is described in the law on education - Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation", signed by the President of the Russian Federation on December 29, 2012. According to this law, every child has the right to study with the rest. The essence of inclusive education is that all children have equal access to education, and this does not depend on their special educational needs and individual capabilities.
What does the law say?
Modern education system It is designed for children with standard abilities, that is, for those who can study according to the general program and be in time in accordance with the established requirements. But in reality it turns out to be completely wrong, since many children have special educational needs. Until recently, these guys were trained separately, and they fell out of the general educational process. Today, such a concept as inclusive education is increasingly found. AT education law it is described as a learning process for children who require an individual approach. The basis of this method is the idea that such guys cannot be discriminated against. As a result, even students with special educational needs can study in the general education system.
New trends
Inclusion today is a developed, humane and effective education system, designed for the combined education of healthy children and those who require a more attentive attitude. That is, it turns out that education should be accessible to everyone, regardless of their state of health - physical or mental.
Despite the fact that inclusive education is described in the law on education, the introduction of this process in our country causes a lot of controversy, but even more difficulties. In foreign countries, inclusion is an educational process with a rich history, which is legislated. In Russia, this is a problem, despite the fact that almost 5% of the child population refers to people with disabilities.
Principles of inclusion
Inclusive education for children encompasses the deepest aspects of modern school development. In this process, the right of the child to education plays an important role, in accordance with which a special environment is created that is maximally adapted to the specific characteristics of individuals. For children with certain developmental disabilities, inclusive involves creating an educational environment in which everyone will be involved. As a result, with this type of education several principles are implemented:
- Education is of equal value to all students and teachers.
- All students should be equally involved both in the educational process and in the cultural life of the school.
- The teaching methodology should be restructured so that it meets the needs of each child.
- Children should not have any barriers to gaining knowledge.
- All differences between students should be reflected in the resources of the pedagogical process.
Features of the law
The Ministry of Education and Science calls for all children to have the same right to education.The development of the relevant law on inclusive education was carried out with the participation of both the professional community and representatives of children with disabilities. The basic principle of this law is as follows: everyone has the right to education without discrimination. The provisions of the bill indicate that for the implementation of this postulate in each constituent entity of the Russian Federation, state authorities and local self-government bodies must create all conditions for the education of children with different health conditions.
Inclusive education in the law on education is understood as teaching children with disabilities, that is, people who have developmental disabilities. Without fail, any deviations must be confirmed by appropriate certificates. The educational process itself can be organized both separately and together with healthy children. Under inclusive education, legislation establishes equal access to knowledge for all students, regardless of whether they have specific needs or individual opportunities.
The Ministry of Education and Science focuses on the fact that in kindergartens and schools the educational process should be conducted taking into account the individual characteristics of each child requiring attention. Special conditions are the development of special programs and teaching methods, textbooks, didactic materials, special technical equipment that would allow for corrective classes.
Features of the educational process
Education for persons with disabilities is based on free special textbooks and manuals. A specific subject of the Russian Federation is responsible for this social support. Inclusive education in the school should be conducted by specialists who will provide comprehensive assistance to children: psychological, pedagogical, medical, social. The inclusiveness of education and its accessibility is also enhanced by the special rights that apply to such persons when they enter higher education institutions.
How to organize everything in practice?
It is impossible to organize inclusive education on its own primarily because the modern school is a social institution that aims to educate children who can learn the standard program. To organize inclusive education at school, it is important to prepare the existing system for this phenomenon. And for this, it is necessary to reconsider the psychological and value attitudes of specialists, the level of their competence. In most schools, teachers are simply not prepared either professionally, psychologically, or methodically for such work. In addition, fear of the unknown always prevails, because it is very, very difficult to educate special children. Accordingly, first you need to prepare the heads of educational institutions, where inclusive will be introduced, and only then open correctional classes.
Educational options
There are several possibilities for organizing the educational process for children with special needs:
- In the first version, the child participates in the educational process along with other peers in the same calendar terms. So that children with disabilities can learn the program, it is important to provide for the support of teachers and psychologists.
- In the second scenario, a child can study in a classroom with peers, but individually, according to a certain thought-out program.
- Teaching children with problems with those who have similar developmental features.
- In the fourth version, it is planned to develop a special standard according to which the child will be trained individually.
You need to start from kindergarten
Federal law primarily modernizes pre-school education.That is why inclusive education is being thought out in Kindergarten, where children can receive quality knowledge without any barriers. Today in Russia, children with disabilities are not uncommon. But certain shortcomings of physical or mental development are not a reason to deprive them of the opportunity to learn with the rest. Of course, not all children, and not all adults, are ready for such joint training, but educators and teachers note that inclusive education is aimed at developing tolerance, tolerance, mercy, understanding among preschool children that children with disabilities are ordinary, but with its own characteristics.
Especially for the realization of such an opportunity, the creation of certain teaching methods is required. And for this, it is necessary to correctly assess the opportunities and educational needs of children. Especially for this, psychological and pedagogical diagnostics is carried out aimed at:
- timely determination of the number of children with disabilities;
- identifying special educational needs in children who have health problems;
- determination of the optimal educational route;
- the provision of individually oriented assistance;
- planning of corrective actions, development of programs;
- assessment of the dynamics of the development of children and the degree of effectiveness of the correctional work;
- advisory assistance to parents.
Stages of diagnosing a child
Children with disabilities require a special approach to learning. In this regard, special diagnostics are already carried out in the gardens. It is carried out in three stages:
- At the first stage, the teacher gets an idea of the condition and development of the child.
- At the second stage, various events are held - conversations, tests, surveys, questionnaires, which are necessary to specify and clarify the first presentation.
- At the last stage, the obtained data are generalized, analyzed, and then a specific teaching methodology is thought out.
As part of the monitoring, the child’s mental development, his state of health, and the degree of development of general abilities are evaluated. After receiving a set of information, teachers evaluate the possibility of inclusive education.
What are the goals?
Correctional development work is carried out primarily in order to assess the comprehensive development of the child, which requires an individual approach. This is necessary to enrich his social experience so that inclusion in the team is more harmonious. All events are carried out taking into account the solution of some problems. So, in terms of health, it is important to maintain and strengthen the mental health of the child, to develop manual motor skills, visual and spatial coordination.
In the framework of socialization, an important role is played by ensuring the harmonious entry of a child with special needs into the team, the formation of his ideas about himself and others, rules of conduct in society. The training of disabled children from the point of view of communication, art, music is also important - all this in a complex allows you to accurately involve them in the general educational process already with the Kindergarten.
The peculiarity of the system of inclusive education is that it affects everything education levels - from kindergartens to schools and universities. The most important thing in this process is to create a barrier-free environment for educating people with disabilities.
Inclusive in the world and in Russia
The development of inclusive education in the world began in the 70s of the XX century, when normative acts were first developed and introduced that expanded the educational opportunities of people with disabilities. In modern educational system The USA and Europe are simultaneously developing several approaches within the framework of the inclusive. Various studies are constantly being conducted that evaluate the cost-effectiveness of inclusive education.In most Western countries, financing of state and municipal schools is provided from the budget, therefore, there are simply no problems with the adoption of children with disabilities in such institutions.
In our country, similar institutions appeared in the 90s. The first inclusive school was opened in Moscow in 1991 - it was called the "Ark." A year later, the project “Integration of Persons with Disabilities” began to be implemented, within the framework of which experimental sites for teaching children with special needs were created in eleven regions of Russia.
Already in 2008, the model of inclusive education was introduced in such areas as Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Leningrad, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara. In Moscow today, more than one and a half thousand comprehensive schools have already opened, where classes are being conducted as part of inclusive education.
Features of the development of inclusion in our country
Inclusive education of children is most often conducted on a multilevel principle. That is, the child, depending on his knowledge, can study in one subject in the basic group, and in another in the in-depth. But the education of persons with disabilities begins even in kindergarten - in Moscow and other cities of Russia special educational institutions-boarding schools are created where there are correctional classes.
A law has been passed in the capital, according to which persons with disabilities can study at a comprehensive school, and in a special institution, and at home - it all depends on the individual needs and characteristics of a particular child. The conditions of inclusive education require the adoption of children with disabilities to school on the basis of a medical-psychological-pedagogical commission.
What are the benefits?
Inclusive education for children with disabilities is often the only possible way to gain knowledge, despite the state of their health. Involvement in the general educational process, according to both psychologists and educators, is good due to several factors:
- It is easier for children with developmental disabilities to interact with healthy peers than with those students who are in special schools;
- in an inclusive environment, it is easier for a child to find ways to communicate with other children;
- the organization of the educational process in small groups allows healthy peers to better treat people with disabilities.
An inclusive learning process is equally useful for ordinary students. First of all, they learn to accept other children as their own kind, to help them, to involve them in the general educational process.
To be or not to be?
Inclusive education today is one of the priorities of the educational policy, which is actively pursued in Russia. A transition to it is needed, and it is already gradually being thought over and supported by the adoption of relevant legislative acts. But for such a phenomenon to take root in our country, it is still important to create the right public opinion. Experts note that inclusive education is an opportunity to create a harmonious society in which even a child with serious problems will feel comfortable. But such a society can only be created if teachers, educators, parents, and children themselves are interested in being involved in such a phenomenon in education.