Educational systems are the main object of renewal and reform in the transition period during the development of society. The content of education, as well as its further implementation, make it possible to realize the goals that society sets for the new generation and strengthen unshakable values. But at the same time, the successful implementation of the established reforms is a rather complicated and elusive task, which implies careful planning, well-developed strategy, special attention to resources and, of course, commitment to this goal by those people who are involved in its implementation.
Reforms affecting educational systems are impeded by the fact that they are carried out in a society where the infrastructure and teachers are not provided with the appropriate amount of resources.
As it was before
The previous Soviet system was distinguished by the presence of rather rigid curricula, the preparation of which was carried out centrally. Such plans were based on the fact that students constantly earned factual logical knowledge in various subjects aimed at narrow specializations. The main emphasis was placed on science, as well as engineering, while virtually no place was given to any pedagogical initiatives by teachers or school leaders.
The educational systems of the USSR provided for a common curriculum for all schools served, and its preparation was carried out under the close supervision of government agencies. The production of textbooks was carried out exclusively by the state, and at the same time they were absolutely free. Thus, a completely structured assessment system educational standards nationwide, and all needs were determined in accordance with centralized planning of the distribution of labor.
Like now
Russian society is constantly rebuilding and at the same time trying to overestimate its goals and values, which entails democratization in the educational sphere. Individualization, humanization, as well as the use of new concepts of civic education - the educational systems of the present time provide a place for these factors. This is largely ensured by the widest variety of available types of general education institutions (like Germany), as well as the variability of educational programs, which is directly related to the development of the current network of non-state educational institutions.
Features of education in the Russian Federation
Today, the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation uses a system that is very similar to the German one, but is nevertheless presented in a much more simplified form:
- Preschool education, which should provide children with basic knowledge, is not equivalent to the first stage of school education. Kids go to kindergarten from about the age of a year or a year and a half, and are there until they reach the age of six (also voluntarily if there is a desire on the part of the parents).
- Primary education starts when a child reaches the age of six and lasts for four years (in accordance with the results of recent reforms in the field of education).Unlike Germany, the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation allows children to receive primary education already in lyceums or gymnasiums, since in Russia these types of institutions have a comprehensive understanding and offer education from grades 1 to 11.
- Incomplete secondary education in gymnasiums, lyceums, as well as any secondary schools lasts for five years. The completion of the nine grades of any of the listed educational institutions gives the student the right to a certificate of general secondary education.
- Industrial and technical, or complete secondary education, which enables a person to enter a college, technical school or any other professional institution in the future, is allowed after completion of education in grades 10 and 11 of gymnasiums, schools or lyceums with a diploma of secondary education. This right also applies to those who have already graduated from any professional institutions, while in Germany this is considered unacceptable.
- After obtaining a higher education, a person is awarded a specialist diploma, as well as a bachelor, master or master’s degree, and at the same time he is given the right to improve his qualifications at a research institute or university in order to obtain a candidate’s or even doctor’s degree.
Among other things, recently an active individualization of training has been carried out, which also affects the quality of the educational system.
Preschool education
In Russia, an extended system for providing knowledge to preschool children has long been used. At the moment, the management of educational systems pays her quite a lot of attention, so she still plays a huge role in the process of solving various issues of early upbringing and education of children. Today, the system is designed in such a way as to fully meet the needs of children aged 3-7 years, while nurseries can be visited by babies aged 1 to 3 years, and in rare cases, even caring for children aged two months to a year is allowed. The vast majority of kindergartens are funded by the state, as well as by municipal or departmental bodies.
Which gardens to choose?
Recently, the management of educational systems has led to the fact that people began to open a large number of private or semi-private kindergartens, but their volume at the moment is even less than 8% of the total. Even in modern municipal gardens, there is a tendency for parents to pay approximately 10-15% of the services provided, and their visit system is quite flexible, and if desired, adults can always choose some specific type of visit by their child, which they consider the most satisfactory is a full or part-time work, full or part-time work, etc.
It is also worth noting that there is a tendency to build frank and trusting relationships between parents and staff, so educators can learn many interesting factors about the personality and any individual needs of a particular child. Due to this, the individualization of training is gradually being built up.
What are they needed for?
Quite important is the fact that kindergartens are multifunctional institutions that, in addition to educational ones, take on social, guardian and health functions.
A lot of attention is paid to trying to identify various deficiencies in the intellectual and physical development of students. A serious role in the development of various curricula and plans, as well as in the further diagnosis of children, is assigned to professional psychologists.For the treatment of children with any physical disabilities, it is customary to invite physiotherapists, while in some kindergartens there are pools and gyms where correctional work is carried out. Speech therapists can also be involved in assisting with the correction of swallowing and speech defects.
Elementary schools
System educational organizations considers primary school as the first stage of education, when children are given the fundamental knowledge they need for further education. At the moment, the school presents three basic systems of primary education, based on the traditional system and various theories developed by prominent Russian educators. All these systems are mainly aimed at the moral and intellectual development of students, and access to school is open to all children who have reached the age of six. At the moment, future first-graders must undergo a testing procedure before enrolling in a school where they pass an intellectual level test.
Along with various generally accepted educational subjects, many modern schools already from the second grade begin to teach foreign languages to children, which they are going to do everywhere later on. It is also worth noting that in the near future it is already planned to introduce such a system in which children from the second grade will learn computer skills.
General secondary education
The development of the educational system has led to the fact that general secondary education includes primary, five classes of a general secondary school, as well as two senior classes. Thus, already at the age of ten years, that is, after the completion of primary school, the child moves to the lower secondary level, where he receives knowledge for five years. In accordance with current legislation, this level must end at the age of fifteen, after which the child is issued a certificate of incomplete secondary education. After that, he can either continue his studies at school, or enter secondary or primary vocational schools.
Gradually, an updated algorithm for acquiring knowledge was established in the Russian Federation, and education itself was significantly transformed (educational systems, of course, have changed since the days of the USSR). Compulsory education was introduced in Moscow for eleven years; over time, this practice has spread to other areas. Previously, only nine years of school education was perceived as compulsory. Schoolchildren study together six days a week, and differentiation in this case affects only the lessons of labor and physical education in high school. The total number of hours per week is from 30 to 36.
Over the past few years, the system of educational institutions has undergone a lot of changes, which led to a significant expansion of accessible schools at the basic level of secondary education. All modern schools are fully responsible for the development of basic programs, and the certificate that the student receives is subsequently recognized by all regions of Russia, as well as various CIS republics.
Education at the Lyceum
Among the modern types of educational institutions, the most popular in Russia are gymnasiums, lyceums and secondary schools.
Lyceum is a type of educational institution that has been actively introduced since the beginning of the 90s of the last century. It should be noted that this name is often quite often carried by various secondary schools, in which an in-depth study of disciplines is organized in a particular profile.
The formation of the education system has led to the fact that lyceums and gymnasiums have a fairly large number of similar features, but at the same time they fundamentally differ in some aspects.Basically, lyceum education is relevant in MA, having a physical and mathematical bias.
Grammar School
The state educational system is structured in such a way that the overwhelming majority of people associate the concept of “gymnasium” with a certain elitism, that is, with such prestigious institutions in which children can get education through ties and wealth, and where they try to actively prepare them for work at various leadership posts.
In fact, the characterization of educational systems shows that this format is used in closed educational institutions, which in most cases are private. They provide the opportunity at the main and senior levels of schooling to introduce new subjects into the curriculum, including logic, economics, philology, or any other necessary for more efficient conduct of specific activities (for example, entrepreneurial). At the same time, gymnasiums are mostly state educational institutions secondary type, and here children with increased motivation to learn receive knowledge.
In the same way as in the other types of such institutions, it offers the possibility of obtaining such an education that will be sufficient for further studies at the university. It is worth noting that this is what makes a significant difference between the gymnasiums of Russia and Germany, since in the latter their graduation only allows you to go to college. In addition, the formation of student groups in such institutions in Russia begins with the first class. If you wish, you can switch from a different format of the school to similar educational institutions, and you can transfer both at the basic level of education and at its completion. In this case, graduates of the ninth grade are also awarded certificates of basic secondary education, after which they decide on their own whether they need to stay here to get a full secondary education or go to some institution with a professional bias.
