Types of state power. State power: concept and types

The development of human society has been going on for several tens of millennia. During this time organization of public Relations has undergone significant changes. Probably, now no one will object that state power (the concept and types will be described below) is the most advanced form of social organization at the present stage of evolution.

What is power?

Any form of organizing the life of society implies the presence of someone’s power over someone. Power is a form of managing social processes. A person or social group that has great authority among many social groups or in a particular territory determines priorities for everyone. Power is the subjugation of a large number of people to socially recognized authorities.

State power: concept and types

In the theory of state and law, it is generally accepted that state power is a special type of social power, in the presence of which the unity of a socially heterogeneous society is maintained through the activity of a special structure. It is the state that is considered the mechanism that can ensure the peaceful coexistence and dynamic development of society within certain boundaries.

Types of government:

• legislative;
• executive;
• judicial.

In Russia, as in any other civilized country, the principle of the division of power applies. All 3 types of government are significantly different from each other and have specific characteristics. The properties authorities displayed in the specifics of their activities and functions.

Government bodies: concept, types

Government bodies are a group of people founded by the state, having the status of a legal entity and performing state functions in a specific industry or sphere of society.

Each of them is included in its functionality in the structure of a particular branch of power in the Russian Federation. The functions and goals, as well as the working methods of all state bodies are regulated by the Constitution and laws of the state. In the theory of state and law, the following types of public authorities are distinguished.

Depending on the method of creation:

• Primary - the body is elected directly by the entire population of a country or a certain territory. Such bodies include the legislative assembly of the region, region, as well as the State Duma.

• Secondary - these are institutions that are created by primary government bodies. Secondary institutions are not under the control of the people, since he does not appoint them and does not select them.

By the nature of education:

• elected bodies (parliament, local councils);
• bodies whose composition is determined or appointed by the head of state or a higher organization (for example, part of the judges of the Constitutional Court is appointed by the President);
• inherited authorities (in Russia and Ukraine there are none).

Depending on the decision making method:

• Collegial - a decision in this institution can be made only by a majority of votes. These are mainly legislative bodies or local councils.
• Sole - decisions are made directly by the head and are drawn up in the form of an order.

By type of function:

• Parliament (in Russia it is the State Duma, in Ukraine - the Supreme Council) - the legislative body;
• The President is a figure who stands above all authorities, and also represents the interests of the country in the external arena;
• courts are bodies that perform the most important function of justice in a democratic state;
• police and other law enforcement agencies;
• special services that protect the special interests of the state (the FSB in Russia, the SBU in Ukraine, the FBI and the CIA in the USA).

How are authorities formed?

So, we are talking about the types of state power (legislative, executive, judicial). The formation of the bodies of each of the branches of government in the Russian Federation takes place in different ways. In its natural essence, power belongs to the people. It is clear that every citizen of the state cannot possess simultaneously imperious functions, therefore it is quite logical to delegate these powers to the elected, most worthy and authoritative people.

There are choices for this. The bodies of the legislative branch of power are exclusively elected. This applies both to the central legislative subject (State Duma), and to local councils of regions, autonomous republics and territories. Executive bodies authorities are assigned. It is impossible to elect the Council of Ministers through elections in any of the states on Earth. The judiciary is also not elected. Judges are appointed to their posts by qualification colleges after passing certain standards (except for some exceptions, for example, judges of the Constitutional Court are appointed by the quota of the President, the State Duma and the Congress of Judges).

The structure of the executive branch in the Russian Federation

The Constitution of the Russian Federation provides for the following types of executive bodies of state power:

• federal;
• local.

The federal authorities include: the government (Cabinet of Ministers), ministries and departments. The main executive branch is the government. The Cabinet of Ministers includes: the Prime Minister, First Deputy Prime Minister, several deputy heads of government, and ministers. The number of ministers in different years can fluctuate, because ministries can both be created and liquidated. The list of ministries that are part of the government today is:

• internal affairs;
• civil defense and emergency response;
• defense;
• justice;
• health care;
• culture;
• education and science;
• ecology and natural resources;
• development of industry and trade;
• for the affairs of the regions of the Far East;
• the newly created Ministry, which oversees the Crimea;
• Agriculture;
• sports;
• transport development;
• labor and social protection of the population;
• for economic development;
• energy.

In addition to ministries, there are also services and departments. Such structures most often deal with security issues, as well as narrow-profile topics that the central government should oversee. On the ground, the functions of the executive bodies are performed by local administrations. Presidents or governors head the local government.

How are leaders and members of executive bodies appointed? The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of the country after consultation with the State Duma. The formation of the government, in addition to the leaders of the defense bloc, is carried out by the head of government at his discretion. The heads of some services and departments are also appointed by the president and approved by parliament. At the local level, the principle of appointing leaders is elective. People in the territory of the subject of the Federation can independently decide who is worthy to lead the region.

Executive Powers

As you know, all types of government bodies of the Russian Federation are built on the principle of division of power. Executive authorities carry out internal and foreign policy state. The government develops and implements programs of economic and social development of the state, develops programs of state defense.The government is responsible for such areas as industry, law enforcement, defense, trade, education, environmental protection, finance, transportation and many other industries. The implementation of the functions of the executive bodies of power takes place through the adoption of such regulatory legal acts as orders and decrees.

Legislature

Speaking about the types of state power in the Russian Federation, it is worth noting that a large role in the development of the country belongs to the legislative branch. The government pursues state policy on the basis of laws that are adopted by this particular authority. Under the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the only legislative body is the Federal Assembly. It consists of two chambers: the Federal Assembly (upper house) and the State Duma (lower house). The principle of the formation of the chambers is different. The State Duma is elected through nationwide direct elections. Regardless of the electoral system practiced in specific elections, Duma deputies represent the interests of all residents of the country. The Federation Council is actually formed on the ground, because it consists of the heads of local executive and legislative authorities.

On the ground, one-chamber legislative assemblies are also elected. The need for local bodies that have the right to legislate is explained by the large area of ​​the state. Russia is a federation that has included many ethnically different entities, therefore, such a system of power allows for the most accurate consideration of the interests of all groups of society.

Legislative Powers

The main function of the legislative branch is to create a legal basis for the life of the state. Deputies develop and adopt laws and regulations governing various fields of activity. Parliament approves the composition of the Cabinet of Ministers. Deputies also agree to the appointment and dismissal of the heads of central executive bodies. In addition, only the State Duma can raise the issue of impeachment of the president.

Judicial system

The types of state power in the system of deterrence and balances are built very logically. The role of the judiciary should also be taken seriously. Courts in Russia are built according to the same system that is now practiced in the best world democracies. The elements of the judicial system are constitutional, arbitration courts, as well as courts of general jurisdiction. Unlike unitary states, constitutional (in some regions - statutory) courts are in every region of the country.

System and powers of courts of general jurisdiction

There are 3 levels of courts of general jurisdiction in the Russian judicial system. The role of the courts of first (in some cases, second) instance refers to district courts. Higher than district hierarchies are considered regional (regional, republican) courts, which consider appeals against decisions of lower courts. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation is in charge of the hierarchy of courts of general jurisdiction. Collegiums of judges of this body make decisions on cassation appeals against decisions of the middle instances of the judicial system.

In some cases, the role of the first instance may be performed by justices of the peace who live in a certain territory and possess basic theoretical knowledge.

Courts of general jurisdiction may initiate legal proceedings in criminal, civil, administrative and other cases.

Powers and system of constitutional and arbitration courts

The system of these ships is similar because there are only two steps. There are constitutional and arbitration courts at the level of constituent entities of the Federation. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation are considered the highest instances of the Constitution.

Despite the similarity of the systems, the powers of the courts are very different.The constitutional courts, in their competence, consider laws and by-laws adopted by legislative and executive authorities. Arbitration courts hear disputes between legal entities.

President: election procedure and credentials

Russia is a very centralized republic, so the president is at the center of the power system. By status, the president is the head of state. He represents the state in the external arena.

The President is elected for a period of 6 years by direct, secret suffrage by the entire population of the state. Dismissal is possible only by impeachment.

The president can influence both external and domestic policy state. The powers of the president extend to the following areas:

• executive branch;
• law of legislative initiative;
• security industry, etc.

Conclusion

Types of power, government are just forms of government. Each branch of power, by exercising its powers, seems to restrain the other two branches from monopolizing all power in their hands.

So, in Russia there are 3 types of state power: judicial, legislative, executive. Such a combination of types of power is ideal today.